Parasitic and Ecological Factors Associated with Transmission of Urogenital Schistosomiasis in Owena Reservoir Area, Ondo State, Nigeria
Abstract
Human urogenital schistosomiasis caused by infection of the trematode worm Schistosoma hematobium is a major source of morbidity and mortality in Ondo State especially in Owena Reservoir Area, Ondo East Local Government Area, Ondo State, Nigeria. The aim of this study was to investigate: (i) the seasonal and spatial distribution, infection and cercariae shedding patterns of identified local Schistosoma intermediate snail host(s); (ii) to determine the influence of ecological factors on the identified intermediate snail species in the transmission of urogenital schistosomiasis along the Owena Reservoir and river courses. All the snails collected were placed in pre-labeled plastic containers and were transported to a Malacology Laboratory at Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria. The snails were identified to species level, counted and recorded as number of snails, per site, per date. The snails were identified using standard identification keys. Examination of snails for Schistosoma infection was carried out by crushing method. Cercariae were identified to genus level. However, only snails shedding Schistosoma cercariae were recorded as infected. Each of the eight sites was sampled once monthly for twenty-four months. Eight stations (sites) of diverse ecological characteristics were selected along the Owena Reservoir and monitored for snails species’ diversity, distribution and infection patterns, physicochemical properties of H2O, macrophyte types and coverage in relation to the transmission of urogenital schistosomiasis. Seven snail species representing two sub-classes, three families and five genera were identified in Owena Reservoir Area. Bulinus globosus and Bulinus truncatus were the only established Schistosoma intermediate snail hosts in site 4 (KAJ 1) located in Kajola community. Out of the eight sites studied, site 4 in Kajola community had the highest infection rate while Embankment/Dam (site 8) had the least. Site 4 in Kajola community is therefore the major transmission site. All the snail species correlated positively with alkalinity conduction, negatively with air temperature. Bulinus globosus correlated significantly positive with Ludwiga erecta, Ludwiga decurrens, Commelina africana, and Berberis calamus (p<0.05) but correlated significantly negative with Panicum maximus and Ervatomia hirta (p>0.05). Bulinus truncatus correlated significantly positive with Aspillia africana, Ludwiga decurrens, Emilia occinina, and Crosus sativue (p<0.05) but correlated significantly negative with Ludwiga erecta, Panicum maximus, and Commelina africana (p>0.05). This study recommends environmental management and manipulation using water level regulations to render water contact sites environmentally unfriendly for both snail growth and human recreational activities during the period of high risk transmission since chemical control (the use of molluscicide) poses a risk to health, not only to the snail intermediate hosts but also to the inhabitants of the communities who commonly depend on reservoirs, streams, rivers, dams for their domestic water supply.
Keywords:
Bulinus globosus, Schistosoma hematobium, ecology, physicochemical parameters, hydromacrophytes, urogenital schistosomiasis, Owena Reservoir Area, Ondo State, NigeriaDOI
https://doi.org/10.37022/wjcmpr.v5i4.285References
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44. Virstyuk NG, Ikwuka AO. Diagnostic and prognostic markers of the diabetes mellitus type 2 course in connection with essential arterial hypertension taking into account the kidney function. Precarpathian Journal Pulse (ISSN: 2304-7437). 2017; 8(44): 53-62.
45. Virstyuk NG, Ikwuka AO. Features of asymptomatic hyperuricemia in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 and concomitant essential arterial hypertension. Clinical and Experimental Pathology. 2018; 1(63): 22-26. DOI: 10.24061/1727-4338.XVII.1.63.2018.5.
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48. Virstyuk NG, Ikwuka AO, Didushko OM. Effect of dapagliflozin on the level of uric acid during asymptomatic hyperuricemia in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 and concomitant arterial hypertension. Art of Medicine. 2018; 1(5): 21-26. Available online: https://art-of-medicine.ifnmu.edu.ua/index.php/aom/article/view/179/150
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3. Akinwale OP, Ajayi MB, Gyangg PB, Adeleke MA, Adeneye AK, Adebayo MO, Dika AA. Urinary schistosomiasis around Oyan Reservoir Nigeria: Twenty years after the 1st outbreak. Iraninan Journal of Public Health. 2010; 39(1): 92-95.
4. Asaolu SO, Ofoezie IE. A simple method for concentrating eggs of Schistosoma haematobium in the urine. The Nigerian Journal of Parasitology. 1990; 9(11): 47-50.
5. Asaolu SO, Ofoezie IE. The role of health education and sanitation in the control of helminth infections. Acta Tropica. 2003; 86: 283-294.
6. Babatunde TA, Asaolu SO, Sowemimo OA. Urinary schistosomiasis among pre-school and school aged children in two peri-urban communities in Southwest Nigeria. Journal of Parasitology and Vector Biology. 2013; S17: 96-110.
7. Ekpo UF, Akintunde L, Oluwole AS, Sam-Wobo SO, Mafiama E. Urinary schistosomiasis among pre-school children in a rural community near Abeokuta, Nigeria. Parasite and Vector. 2012; 3: 58.
8. Fradsen F, Christensen NO. An introductory guide to the identification of cercaria from fresh water snails with special reference to cercariae of trematode species of medical and veterinary importance. Acta Tropica. 1984; 41: 181-202.
9. Hotex PJ, Kamath A. Neglected Tropical Diseases in sub-Saharan Africa: Review of their Prevalence, Distribution, and Disease Burden. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2009; 3: e412.
10. Ikwuka AO. Risk factors for the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus type 2. Materials of 84th Scientific and Practical Conference of Students and Young Scientists with International Participation “Innovations in medicine”. 2015; p. 19. Available online: http://www.ifnmu.edu.ua/images/snt/files/konferenciya/Tezu_2015.pdf
11. Ikwuka AO. Dyslipidemia risk severity in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 and essential hypertension. Journal of the 21st International Medical Congress of Students and Young Scientists. 2017; p. 59.
12. Ikwuka AO. Effectiveness of dapagliflozin in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 and essential hypertension. Book of abstracts of the 7th International Students’ Scientific Conference of Young Medical Researchers. 2017; p. 102. Available online: http://www.stn.umed.wroc.pl/files/lm/Accepted_papers.16113.pdf
13. Ikwuka AO. Influence of dyslipidemia in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 and essential hypertension. The Pharma Innovation Journal. 2017; 6(3): 101-103. Available online: http://www.thepharmajournal.com/archives/?year=2017&vol=6&issue=3&part=B
14. Ikwuka AO, Haman IO. Features of kidney damage in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 and essential hypertension. Journal of 86th Scientific and Practical Conference of Students and Young Scientists with International Participation “Innovations in medicine”. 2017; p. 144. Available online: http://www.ifnmu.edu.ua/images/snt/86-konf-tezi%20(1).pdf
15. Ikwuka AO, Virstyuk NG, Luchko OR. Features of the functional state of kidneys in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 and essential arterial hypertension. Materials of scientific-practical conference with international participation “Babenkivski reading”. 2017; p. 48.
16. Ikwuka AO. Clinical dynamics in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 and concomitant essential hypertensive disease treated with dapagliflozin. Journal of the 22nd International Medical Congress of Students and Young Scientists. 2018; p. 32.
17. Ikwuka AO. Clinical effectiveness of SGLT-2 inhibitors in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 and essential hypertensive disease. Endocrine Practice. 2018; 24(1): 74. DOI: 10.1016/S1530-891X(20)47129-0.
18. Ikwuka AO. Features of kidney damage in patients with arterial hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus and optimization of treatment. Specialized Academic Council IFNMU. 2018; Available online: http://www.ifnmu.edu.ua/images/zagalna_informacia/spec_vcheni_radi/2017-2019/%D0%9420.601.01/Ikvuka/Avtoreferat.pdf
19. Ikwuka AO, Paliy Yu. Structural changes of the left ventricular myocardium in patients with essential arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus type 2. Abstracts of the 87th Scientific Conference of Students and Young Scientists with International Participation “Innovations in medicine”. 2018; p. 25-26. Available online: https://www.ifnmu.edu.ua/images/snt/zaproshennia_eng.pdf
20. Ikwuka AO. Clinical dynamics of nephropathy in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 and concomitant essential hypertensive disease. Clinical Medicine. 2019; 19(2): s39. DOI: 10.7861/clinmedicine.19-2-s39.
21. Ikwuka AO. Clinical effectiveness of GLP-1 RAs in patients with metabolic syndrome diseases. Endocrine Practice. 2019; 25(1): 104-105. DOI: 10.1016/S1530-891X(20)46611-X.
22. Ikwuka AO. Dr. Aloy's Core Essential Series (DACES) Immunology. 1st Edition. Science and Education Publishing, USA. 2023; p. 31. ISBN: 978-978-795-866-7.
23. Ikwuka AO. Dr. Aloy's Core Essential Series (DACES) Medical Genetics. 1st Edition. Science and Education Publishing, USA. 2023; p. 9. ISBN: 978-1-958293-02-7.
24. Ikwuka AO, Virstyuk NG. Pattern of cardiac remodelling of the left ventricle in patients with essential hypertensive disease and concomitant type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clinical Medicine. 2019; 19(3): s92. DOI: 10.7861/clinmedicine.19-3-s92.
25. Ikwuka AO, Virstyuk NG. Influence of SGLT2 inhibitor and A2RB (AT1) on fibrogenesis and heart failure in patients with essential hypertensive disease combined with diabetes mellitus type 2. E-Poster No. 143 of the 44th & 45th Annual General and Scientific Meeting of the West African College of Physicians (WACP), 1 - 3 November, 2021. 2021; DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.26912.87047.
26. Ikwuka AO, Virstyuk N. Prognostic markers of nephropathy in patients with dual metabolic syndrome diseases (essential hypertensive disease and concomitant type 2 diabetes mellitus). Endocrine Practice. 2022; 28(5): S65-S66. DOI: 10.1016/j.eprac.2022.03.164.
27. Ikwuka AO, Virstyuk N. Patterns and Influence of Cardio-Metabolic Insufficiency in Patients with Essential Hypertensive Disease and Concomitant Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Endocrine Practice. 2023; 29(5): S32-S33. DOI: 10.1016/j.eprac.2023.03.076.
28. Ikwuka AO, Virstyuk NG, Luchko OR, Kobitovych I. Heterogeneity Of Renal Pathogenicity On The Background Of Asymptomatic Hyperuricemia In Patients With Dual Metabolic Syndrome Diseases (Essential Hypertensive Disease and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus). British Journal of Medical and Health Research. 2023; 10(2): 1-9. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7690636.
29. Khonde Kumbis R, Mbanzule M, Lu B. Prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni infection in Four Health Areas of Kisantu Health Zone, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Advances in Medicine. 2016; 10: 15520.
30. Ofoezie IE. A Study of Urinary Schistosomiasis Transmission in Resettlement Communities bordering Oyan River Dam, Ogun State, Nigeria. PhD Thesis, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. 1995; p. 273.
31. Ofoezie IE. Distribution of freshwater snails in the man-made Oyan Reservoir, Ogun State, Nigeria. Hydrobiologia. 1999; 416: 181-191.
32. Ofoezie IE. Human health and sustainable water resources development in Nigeria: schistosomiasis in artificial lakes. Natural Resources Forum. 2002; 26: 150-160.
33. Oladejo SO, Ofoezie IE. Unabated schistosomiasis in Erinle river dam, Osun State Nigeria: evidence of neglect of environmental effects of developments. Journal of Tropical Medicine and International Health. 2006; 11(6): 843-850.
34. Peletu BJ. Ecology of Fresh Water Snails Transmitting Schistosoma haematobium in Aponmu-Lona River Basin, Idanre, Ondo State, Nigeria. MSc Thesis, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. 2010.
35. Peletu BJ. Schistosoma Intermediate Host Profile, Ecological Variations and Human Factors Influencing Schistosomiasis Transmission in Owena Reservoir Area, Ondo State, Nigeria. PhD Thesis, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. 2016; p. 217.
36. Peletu BJ, Ofoezie IE, Ikwuka AO. Urogenital schistosomiasis transmission and human water contact patterns in Aponmu-Lona river basin, Idanre, Ondo State, Nigeria. Donn. J. Med. Med. Sci. 2020; 6(1): 001–008. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3996571.
37. Peletu BJ, Ofoezie IE, Ikwuka AO. Attitude, Knowledge, Perception, Behavioural, Cultural and Religious Practices Influencing Transmission of Urogenital Schistosomiasis in Owena, Kajola and Baiken Communities Bordering Owena Reservoir/Dam, Ondo East Local Government Area, Ondo State, Nigeria. European Journal of Medical and Health Sciences. 2023; 5(1): 23-30. DOI: 10.24018/ejmed.2023.5.1.1600.
38. Peletu BJ, Ofoezie IE, Ikwuka AO. Prevalence, Peculiarities and Patterns of Urogenital Schistosomiasis and Hematuria in Owena Reservoir Area, Ondo East Local Government Area, Ondo State, Nigeria. American Journal of Public Health Research. 2023; 11(2): 55-60. DOI: 10.12691/ajphr-11-2-3.
39. Peletu BJ, Ofoezie IE, Ikwuka AO. Urogenital Schistosomiasis Transmission and Human Water Contact Activities in Owena Reservoir/Dam, Ondo East Local Government Area, Ondo State, Nigeria. World Journal of Public Health. 2023; 8(2): 88-96. DOI: 10.11648/j.wjph.20230802.17.
40. Peletu BJ, Ofoezie IE, Ikwuka AO. Transmission of Urogenital Schistosomiasis in Owena Reservoir Area, Ondo State Nigeria: Nexus Between Different Pathogenic Host Factors. American Journal of Life Science and Innovation. 2023; 2(2): 12-16. DOI: 10.54536/ajlsi.v2i2.1788.
41. Theron A. Chronobiology of Schistosome development in snail host. Parasitology Today. 1986; 2(7): 192-194.
42. Udonsi JK. Human community ecology of urinary schistosomiasis in relation to snail vector bionomics in the the Igwun River Basin of Nigeria. Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 1990; 41: 131-135.
43. Virstyuk NG, Ikwuka AO, Haman IO, Adebomi MS. Diabetes mellitus type 2, arterial hypertension and dyslipidemia. Materials of 2nd International Scientific and Practical Conference "Therapeutic readings: modern aspects of diagnosis and treatment of diseases of internal organs". 2016; p. 46-47.
44. Virstyuk NG, Ikwuka AO. Diagnostic and prognostic markers of the diabetes mellitus type 2 course in connection with essential arterial hypertension taking into account the kidney function. Precarpathian Journal Pulse (ISSN: 2304-7437). 2017; 8(44): 53-62.
45. Virstyuk NG, Ikwuka AO. Features of asymptomatic hyperuricemia in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 and concomitant essential arterial hypertension. Clinical and Experimental Pathology. 2018; 1(63): 22-26. DOI: 10.24061/1727-4338.XVII.1.63.2018.5.
46. Virstyuk NG, Ikwuka AO. Nephropathic characteristics in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 and essential hypertensive disease. Art of Medicine. 2019; 1(5): 44-47. DOI: 10.21802/artm.2019.1.9.44.
47. Virstyuk NG, Ikwuka AO. Asymptomatic hyperuricemia and functional state of the kidneys in patients with essential arterial hypertension and concomitant diabetes mellitus type 2. European Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2021; 2(3): 100-104. DOI: 10.24018/clinicmed.2021.2.3.65.
48. Virstyuk NG, Ikwuka AO, Didushko OM. Effect of dapagliflozin on the level of uric acid during asymptomatic hyperuricemia in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 and concomitant arterial hypertension. Art of Medicine. 2018; 1(5): 21-26. Available online: https://art-of-medicine.ifnmu.edu.ua/index.php/aom/article/view/179/150
49. Virstyuk NH, Ikwuka AO. Dapagliflozin influence on the clinical course of diabetes mellitus type 2 and essential hypertension in patients. Recent Advances in Environmental Science from the Euro-Mediterranean and Surrounding Regions. Springer International Publishing AG. 2018; p. 2007-2008. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-70548-4_582.
50. Virstyuk NH, Ikwuka AO, Losyuk LV, Kobrynska OYa, Markiv HD. Dapagliflozin utility in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 and essential hypertensive disease. Actual Problems of Modern Medicine. 2017; 4(60) 1: 76-79. Available online: http://www.umsa.edu.ua/journal2stat4_2017_eng.html
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2023-08-31
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Parasitic and Ecological Factors Associated with Transmission of Urogenital Schistosomiasis in Owena Reservoir Area, Ondo State, Nigeria. World Journal of Current Med and Pharm Research [Internet]. 2023 Aug. 31 [cited 2026 Jan. 27];5(4):154-62. Available from: https://www.wjcmpr.org/index.php/journal/article/view/285
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How to Cite
1.
Parasitic and Ecological Factors Associated with Transmission of Urogenital Schistosomiasis in Owena Reservoir Area, Ondo State, Nigeria. World Journal of Current Med and Pharm Research [Internet]. 2023 Aug. 31 [cited 2026 Jan. 27];5(4):154-62. Available from: https://www.wjcmpr.org/index.php/journal/article/view/285
