World Journal of Current Medical and Pharmaceutical Research
World Journal of Current Medical and Pharmaceutical Research (WJCMPR) is a double-blind Referred peer-reviewed tri-annual (from 2024 onwards), open-access international journal dedicated to the promotion of research in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences. WJCMPR publishes Research articles, Review articles, Case studies, and Short communication from broad areas like Medical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Sciences.
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SHORT TERM OUTCOME OF ACUTE BRONCHIOLITIS IN CHILDREN OF 1 MONTH TO 24 MONTHS ADMITTED IN A TERTIARY CARE CENTRE
Background: Acute bronchiolitis is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infection in infants, often resulting in hospitalization. Identification of demographic, clinical, and perinatal risk factors is crucial for early management and prevention of severe disease. Objectives: To study the clinical profile, severity, and outcomes of children with acute bronchiolitis and to identify factors associated with severe disease. Methods: This observational study included 97 children diagnosed with acute bronchiolitis. Data on age, gender, socioeconomic status, perinatal history, feeding, anthropometry, immunization, comorbidities, clinical features, laboratory findings, respiratory support, hospital stay, and outcomes were collected. Severity was classified as mild, moderate, or severe. Statistical analysis assessed associations between clinical and demographic factors and disease severity. Results: The majority of cases (65%) were infants under six months, with peak incidence at four months. Male predominance was observed (56.7%). Most children belonged to lower middle and upper lower socioeconomic classes (81.44%). Common clinical features included cough (100%), fever (61.8%), and respiratory distress (51.5%). Hypoxemia was present in 29.7%, and complications included secondary pneumonia (55.5%) and hypoxia (41.6%). Comorbidities were uncommon but included congenital heart disease (4.12%) and neurodevelopmental delay (2.06%). Severity was significantly associated with low birth weight (p=0.023), anemia (p=0.029), and lower socioeconomic status (p=0.002), while gender, prematurity, and environmental exposures showed no significant correlation. The mean hospital stay was 3.75 ±1.9 days. All patients recovered without mortality. Conclusion: Acute bronchiolitis predominantly affects young infants and is generally mild. Low birth weight, anemia, and low socioeconomic status increase the risk of severe disease. Early identification of high-risk infants and vigilant supportive care are essential to improve outcomes.
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DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF BIFONAZOLE-LOADED TRANSFEROSOMAL TOPICAL GEL FOR DEEPER DERMAL DELIVERY IN THE MANAGEMENT OF TINEA PEDIS AND TINEA CORPORIS
The present study aimed to develop and evaluate a Bifonazole-loaded transferosomal gel for enhanced dermal drug delivery in the treatment of superficial fungal infections. Bifonazole exhibits limited skin penetration in conventional topical formulations results in substandard therapeutic results. In this present study Bifonazole Transferosomes were prepared using Soya lecithin phospholipids (vesicle formers) and Tween 80 (edge activator) by the thin-film hydration method. Total of 9 formulations F1-F9 were designed using 32 full factorial design. Two variables are soya lecithin amount and Tween 80 amount. The amount of drug kept constant in all the 9 formulations. All the formulations were evaluated for % entrapment efficiency and in-vitro drug membrane diffusion studies. Among all, F6 showed highest % EE and higher in-vitro drug diffusion. We concluded that F6 is the optimised formulation and further, this F6 optimised formulation was evaluated for vesicle size, PDI, and zeta potential. The best formulation F6 was incorporated into an empty Carbopol gel base to prepare Bifonazole transferosomal gel. This gel was evaluated for pH, spreadability, skin irritation, drug content, and viscosity. Furthermore, % of in-vitro membrane drug diffusion studies was conducted for both prepared Bifonazole transferosomal gel and the marketed Bifonazole (Brand: Bi-fone) gel. The transferosomal gel demonstrated significantly enhanced drug release, achieving 97.03% release at 9 h compared to 49.30% from the marketed gel. The enhancement factor was found to be 4.57 at 1 h and 1.97 at 9 h, indicating improved permeation.
SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC, CLINICAL PROFILE OF ACUTE BRONCHIOLITIS IN CHILDREN OF 1MONTH TO 24 MONTHS ADMITTED IN A TERTIARY CARE CENTRE
Background: Acute bronchiolitis is a leading cause of lower respiratory tract infection and hospitalization in infants, particularly during early infancy. It remains a significant contributor to pediatric morbidity, especially in developing countries. Objectives: To evaluate the sociodemographic profile, clinical characteristics, severity, and short-term outcomes of children admitted with acute bronchiolitis, and to identify factors associated with disease severity. Methods: This hospital-based prospective observational study was conducted over 15 months (March 2023 to May 2024) in a tertiary care center. A total of 97 children aged 1–24 months diagnosed with bronchiolitis based on standard clinical criteria were included. Data on demographics, clinical features, laboratory findings, risk factors, and outcomes were collected and analyzed using SPSS. Categorical variables were expressed as proportions, and continuous variables as mean ± standard deviation. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: The mean age was 5.4 ± 3.4 months, with peak incidence at 4 months (19.58%). Males constituted 56.7% of cases. The majority of children belonged to lower middle (45.36%) and upper lower (36.08%) socioeconomic classes. Cough was present in all cases, followed by fever (61.8%) and respiratory distress (51.5%). Hypoxia (SpO₂ <95%) was observed in 29.7% of children. Laboratory findings revealed lymphocyte predominance (72.7%) and leukocytosis (56.7%). Most cases were mild (69%), while 18.6% were classified as severe. Significant predictors of severity included low socioeconomic status (p = 0.002), low birth weight (p = 0.023), and anemia (p = 0.029). No mortality was observed. Conclusion: Acute bronchiolitis predominantly affects young infants and is strongly influenced by socioeconomic and nutritional factors. Early identification of high-risk children and targeted interventions can help reduce disease severity and improve clinical outcomes.
RP-HPLC FOR THE SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF CHLORPHENIRAMINE MALEATE AND DEXTROMETHORPHAN PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATION
Objective: The present study aimed to develop and validate a novel, simple, rapid, and precise RP-HPLC (Reverse-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography) method for the simultaneous estimation of Chlorpheniramine Maleate (CPM) and Dextromethorphan Hydrobromide (DXM) in combined pharmaceutical dosage forms. Methods: Using an isocratic mobile phase composed of Phosphate Buffer (pH 6.2): Acetonitrile: Methanol in the ratio of 35:34:31 (v/v), a Spherisorb 5µ CN column (250 mm x 4.6 mm) was used to optimize chromatographic separation. The flow rate was 1.5 mL/min. The column temperature throughout runs was held at 40°C and detection used 228 nm with an injection volume of 20 µL. The method was validated comprehensively according to general ICH Q2(R1) guidelines for the outtake of specificity, linearity, accuracy and precision. Results: The method was capable of providing sharp, well-resolved peaks for CPM and DXM at retention times of 6.53 min and 8.18 min, respectively. The method showed excellent linearity in the range of 80-120% of the test concentration for both drugs. Correlation coefficients (r²) were 0.9995 for CPM and 0.9998 for DXM. The accuracy, determined by recovery studies, was mean recoveries of 98.96-101.16% for CPM and 95.87-98.06% for DXM. The method was precise with %RSD for repeatability and intermediate precision both being less than 1% of that measured (1.9-0.39% respectively) for both analytes. Robustness studies confirmed that the method remained unaffected by minor, intentional variations in chromatographic parameters. Conclusion: The present RP-HPLC method is simple, accurate, precise, robust, and specific. It provides a means for simple simultaneous determination of CPM and DXM in combined pharmaceutical formulations. It is an ideal method for routine quality control and KNP analysis of all pharmaceutical formulas containing Chlorpheniramine Maleate and Dextromethorphan Hydrobromide.
DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF ICHTHAMMOL-LOADED NIOSOMAL GEL FOR ENHANCED TOPICAL DERMAL DELIVERY IN THE MANAGEMENT OF ECZEMA AND PSORIASIS
Ichthammol is a widely used topical agent for inflammatory dermatomes such as eczema and psoriasis. However, conventional formulations suffer from limitations including poor skin penetration and limited drug retention at the target site. The present study aimed to develop and evaluate an Ichthammol-loaded niosomal gel for improved dermal drug delivery. Ichthammol niosomes were prepared by thin-film hydration cum sonication method using Span 60 or Tween 80, combined with cholesterol in varying ratios. Six formulations (F1–F6) were prepared and best formulation was selected based on entrapment efficiency (%EE) and in vitro release. Among all F3 formulation (Span 60: cholesterol ratio1:1.5) exhibited 89.18 ± 0.84% EE, and 91.81 % in vitro drug release. Further, it shows excellent mean particle size 210 nm, PDI 0.235, and zeta potential −29.8 mV. The best niosomal dispersion F3 was incorporated into a Carbopol 940 gel. The final niosomal gel showed pH 6.4 ± 0.12, Spreadability 18.6 ± 0.45 g·cm/s, viscosity 32,500 ± 210 cps, drug content 98.72 ± 0.84%, and no skin irritation. In vitro diffusion studies demonstrated 91.81% cumulative release over 12 h, significantly higher than the marketed Ichthammol gel (60.2%).Release kinetics followed the Higuchi model, indicating diffusion-controlled release. These findings suggest that Ichthammol niosomal gel offers enhanced penetration, sustained release, and improved therapeutic potential for chronic inflammatory skin conditions.
EFFECTIVENESS OF UNANI MEDICATION AND LIFESTYLE MODIFICATIONS IN EARLY TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS (DHAYĀBĪṭUS SHAKRI): A CLINICAL CASE REPORT
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia due to impaired insulin secretion or resistance. This case study reports the successful integrative management of a 45-year-old female patient with Type 2 DM using Unani medicine. The patient presented with classical symptoms of diabetes and had a significant family history of the disease. Treatment included QurseZiyabetus Khas and Dawa-e-Musaffi, both traditional Unani formulations with hypoglycemic, detoxifying, and anti-inflammatory properties. Alongside herbal pharmacotherapy, lifestyle and dietary modifications were recommended. Within 1 week, the patient’s blood glucose significantly improved and within 3 months HbA1c levels significantly improved, indicating the potential efficacy of Unani medicine as a complementary approach in early-stage diabetes management. Continued monitoring and adherence to lifestyle changes are essential for long-term benefits and complication prevention.
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF IBUPROFEN AND CHLORZOXAZONE SUSPENSION USING NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC SUSPENDING AGENTS
The present study was undertaken to formulate and evaluate an oral suspension of Ibuprofen and Chlorzoxazone using natural and synthetic suspending agents, with the objective of comparing their influence on physicochemical properties and suspension stability. Ibuprofen, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, and Chlorzoxazone, a centrally acting muscle relaxant, are widely prescribed in musculoskeletal disorders but exhibit poor aqueous solubility, making suspension formulation a suitable approach for improving patient compliance. Four formulations (F1–F4) were prepared by the trituration method using methylcellulose as a synthetic suspending agent and fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) seed powder as a natural suspending agent at different concentrations. Preformulation studies, including melting point determination and FTIR spectroscopy, confirmed the identity and purity of both drugs. The prepared suspensions were evaluated for particle size, sedimentation volume, viscosity, flow rate, pH, swelling index, and phytochemical characteristics. Among the formulations, F2 exhibited the highest viscosity and sedimentation volume with the lowest flow rate, indicating superior physical stability, while F4 demonstrated acceptable stability with improved homogeneity using a natural suspending agent. All formulations showed pH values within an acceptable range for oral administration. The swelling index and phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of mucilage and other bioactive constituents in fenugreek seed powder, supporting its role as an effective natural suspending agent. The study demonstrates that natural suspending agents can serve as promising alternatives to synthetic polymers in suspension formulations.
STABILITY INDICATING METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF VADADUSTAT BY USING HPLC IN BULK AND PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORM.
A simple, rapid, precise, sensitive and reproducible reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method has been developed for the quantitative analysis of Vadadustat in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form. Chromatographic separation of Vadadustat was achieved on Waters Alliance-e2695, by using Waters Luna Phenyl Hexyl (150x4.6mm, 3.5µm) column and the mobile phase containing Acetonitrile and 0.1% TFA in the ratio of 40:60% v/v. The flow rate was 1.0 ml/min; detection was carried out by absorption at 257nm using a photodiode array detector at ambient temperature. The number of theoretical plates and tailing factor for Vadadustat were NLT 2000 and should not be more than 2, respectively. % Relative standard deviation of peak areas of all measurements is always less than 2.0. The proposed method was validated according to ICH guidelines. The method was found to be a simple, economical, suitable, precise, accurate & robust method for quantitative analysis of Vadadustat.
DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF A FORCED DEGRADATION UPLC METHOD FOR THE SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF EPLERENONE AND TORSEMIDE IN BULK AND PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORM
Aim: To develop and validate a rapid, sensitive, and stability-indicating Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatographic (UPLC) method for simultaneous estimation of Torsemide (TOR) and Eplerenone (EPL) in combined pharmaceutical dosage forms. Methods: Chromatographic separation was performed on a Waters ACQUITY UPLC system with a C-18 BEH column (1.7 µm, 2.1 x 50 mm) using an isocratic mobile phase of Phosphate Buffer (pH 4.0) and Acetonitrile in a ratio of 40:60 (v/v) at a flow rate of 0.8 ml/min. Detection was performed at 230 nm. The method was validated in accordance with the recommendations outlined in ICH Q2(R1) for specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, robustness, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), and forced degradation studies. Results:The retention times of Torsemide and Eplerenone were 1.267 and 2.133 minutes, respectively, with a total run time of 4 minutes. The developed method showed remarkable linearity for the range 2-16 µg/ml for Torsemide (r² = 0.9999) and 5-40 µg/ml for Eplerenone (r² = 0.9998). Recovery percentages validated the accuracy, with rates ranging from 99.30% to 99.84%. The method validation parameters, such as precision (%RSD < 0.21) and robustness, also established that the method is reliable. Under basic and oxidative forced degradation conditions, 25.2% (for TOR) and 57.7% (for EPL) and 22.5% (for TOR) and 83.6% (for EPL) degradations were observed, respectively. At the same time, the two drugs remained stable under acidic, photolytic, and thermal stress. Conclusion: The UPLC method developed was found to be accurate, precise, robust, and stability-indicating. The technique can be employed for routine QC and stability studies of these drugs, in bulk and combined dosage forms.
A STUDY ON THE ROLE OF SOCIOECONOMIC AND EDUCATIONAL FACTORS IN CANCER PREVENTION, DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OUTCOMES.
Cancer comprises a broad group of diseases characterised by uncontrolled cell growth with the potential to invade surrounding tissues and metastasise to distant organs, making it a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Globally, cancer accounts for approximately 9.6 million deaths annually, ranking as the second leading cause of death. This study aims to explore and analyse the impact of socioeconomic and educational factors on cancer prevention, diagnosis, treatment acceptance, and overall patient outcomes. A mixed-methods approach was adopted, incorporating both quantitative and qualitative data. Quantitative data were collected using a structured questionnaire administered to cancer patients, capturing demographic variables such as age, gender, education level, income, employment status, and access to healthcare, along with information on prevention practices, diagnostic experiences, treatment acceptance, and clinical outcomes. The questionnaire also assessed health literacy, participation in screening programs, lifestyle modifications, willingness to undergo various treatment modalities, recovery time, survival, and quality of life. The findings underscore that individuals from lower socioeconomic and educational backgrounds experience significant barriers, including limited healthcare access, poor health awareness, delayed diagnosis, and reduced acceptance of standard treatments, leading to poorer outcomes. The study emphasises the necessity of targeted public health interventions, enhanced health education, and policy reforms to mitigate disparities and to improve cancer outcomes among vulnerable populations.
A RARE PRESENTATION OF INFANTILE TREMOR SYNDROME: OVERCOMING MALNUTRITION AND INFECTIONS IN A PAEDIATRIC PATIENT
Infantile Tremor Syndrome (ITS) is a rare neuro-nutritional disorder observed in young children, characterized by tremors, malnutrition, and developmental regression. This case report details a 4-year-old female patient weighing 5.2 kg, who was admitted due to recurrent vomiting, refusal to consume solid food, and progressive skin peeling. A physical examination revealed hyperpigmented patches, exfoliation, and erosions on the scalp, trunk, and extremities, along with mucosal lesions indicative of zinc deficiency. Developmental assessment indicated delayed milestones, such as poor neck control and an inability to stand or walk, suggesting the presence of coexisting cerebral palsy. The patient was diagnosed with ITS complicated by severe malnutrition and dermatological symptoms resembling acrodermatitis enteropathica. Management strategies included nutritional rehabilitation utilizing an F-75 diet, supplementation with zinc and multivitamins, antifungal treatment (fluconazole syrup), topical mupirocin for skin protection, and ophthalmic intervention for corneal opacity. Significant clinical improvement was noted following supplementation and supportive care. This case underscores the necessity of early identification, thorough nutritional evaluation, and multidisciplinary management-including pharmacological, dietary, and counseling interventions—for children with ITS. Pharmacists are crucial in ensuring the appropriateness of drug therapy, preventing drug-nutrient interactions, and educating caregivers for long-term disease prevention and nutritional recovery. Early detection and integrated management are vital for enhancing outcomes in ITS and preventing recurrence.
DETERMINATION OF POLYPHENOL CONTENT AND EVALUATION OF ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY IN EXTRACTS FROM THE CHRYSOPOGON NIGRITANUS PLANT
Chrysopogon nigritanus is a plant traditionally used for various purposes, particularly in traditional medicine due to its various properties of pharmaceutical and cosmetic properties. From a scientific point of view, this plant has not been widely studied, particularly in the field of pharmacology. This study aims to evaluate the antioxidant activity of C. nigritanus roots using the DPPH and FRAP methods as well as to determine its polyphenolic compound content, which is directly related to this activity. Four extracts obtained by successive maceration according to a polarity gradient (cyclohexane, ethyl acetate, ethanol, and water) were studied. The results of the DPPH assay revealed significant antioxidant activity for all extracts, with respective IC50 values of 2.445; 0.555; 0.052 and 0.115 mg/mL, compared to 0.002 mg/mL for ascorbic acid used as a reference. The FRAP assay showed an increase in reducing power proportional to the concentration of the extracts, thus confirming the results obtained with the DPPH assay. These results suggest that C. nigritanus roots are a potential source of natural antioxidant compounds.
Copyright (c) 2026 Absa Diop, Mareme Thiaw, Issa Samb, Mohamed Lamine Gaye https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Formulation and evaluation of antiarthritic herbal chocolate: a review
Anti arthritic Herbal chocolate it is selected by medicinal herbs with proven anti inflammatory and antioxidant property such as Turmeric ( Curcuma Longa), Ginger (Zingiber officinale), Ashwagandha (Withania Somnifera) they are rich in flavonoids.They can enhance therapeutic efficacy through the synergestic antioxidant activity while improve patient safety to pleasant or good taste of chocolate. It is easy to chew and absorb easily in every humans. The formulated chocolate show significant inhibition of protein denaturation indicate potent antiarthritic potential.The formulations are evaluated by stability invitro antiarthritic acting protein denaturation and membrane stabilization assays.It is derived from the cocoa mixed fat. Sesame is herbal drug having some medicinal properties like anti arthritis property, antioxidant property. It can prevent rheumatoid arthritis Sesame used to improve the blood pressure and this sesame we have to formulate the chocolate for the extraction process. So, it is patient friendly and approach for manage the arthritis.
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A brief review on premenstrual syndrome with common menstrual diseases
The luteal phase of the menstrual cycle is often associated with emotional and physical symptoms that characterize premenstrual syndrome (PMS), a common cyclic condition affecting women in their young and middle reproductive years. Symptoms may include low mood, mood swings, headaches, fatigue, abdominal discomfort, and breast tenderness. Women with mild symptoms should be educated about healthy eating, reducing sodium and caffeine intake, engaging in regular exercise, and practicing stress-management techniques. Among all menstrual-related disorders, PMS contributes significantly to physical and psychological disruptions in women and their families. Approximately 90% of reproductive-age women report experiencing at least one symptom in the days preceding menstruation. These symptoms can influence behavior and overall well-being, affecting social, professional, and family life. Supportive strategies, such as maintaining a symptom diary, can assist in diagnosis and management. Treatment for mild PMS includes lifestyle modifications and, when necessary, pharmacological interventions. Nutritional supplements such as evening primrose oil and calcium may offer modest benefits. PMS affects an estimated 30–40% of women of reproductive age, although the severity and impact on daily functioning vary widely. In many developing countries, including India, menstruation is stigmatized, which often prevents women from seeking appropriate care for their physical and emotional symptoms.
A review on nanomaterials for cartilage repair: innovations in scaffold design and drug delivery
Cartilage damage and osteoarthritis remain major clinical challenges due to the tissue’s poor self-healing capacity and limited regenerative potential. Conventional treatments fail to restore native function, underscoring the need for advanced therapeutic strategies. Nanomaterials have emerged as promising candidates for cartilage repair because of their ability to mimic the extracellular matrix, provide structural support, and enable targeted drug delivery. This review highlights recent innovations in nanomaterial-based scaffolds and drug delivery systems for cartilage regeneration. Nanofibers and nanoscaffolds reproduce the fibrous structure of cartilage, while nanoparticles enable controlled release of growth factors, anti-inflammatory drugs, and genetic material. Hydrogels reinforced with nanomaterials offer injectable, bioactive environments, and nanocomposites provide mechanical stability alongside bioactivity. Advances in scaffold design, including biomimetic architectures, biofunctionalization, and 3D bioprinting, are enhancing integration and functional outcomes. Preclinical studies have demonstrated encouraging results in vitro and in vivo, while early clinical trials indicate translational potential. Future perspectives include the development of personalized 3D-printed scaffolds, multifunctional smart nanomaterials, and integration with regenerative medicine approaches. Collectively, nanotechnology represents a transformative platform for durable and functional cartilage repair.
Vithuvagai chooranam and its role in siddha management of male infertility: a comprehensive review.
Infertility is a growing global health concern, with male factors contributing to approximately 20–40% of cases. In the Siddha system of medicine, male infertility is referred to as Aan Maladu and is traditionally managed through formulations aimed at enhancing reproductive vitality. One such classical polyherbal formulation is Vithuvagai Chooranam (VVC), widely used to improve semen quality, increase virility, and support male reproductive health. This review explores both classical Siddha references and modern pharmacological evidence related to the efficacy of VVC. It comprises ten ingredients, including Vigna mungo, Sesamum indicum, Mucuna pruriens, Hygrophila auriculata, Curculigo orchioides, and Asparagus racemosus. These herbs are rich in bioactive compounds known for their spermatogenic, aphrodisiac, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties. Scientific studies support the role of these herbs in enhancing sperm count, motility, testosterone levels, and overall reproductive function. The formulation aligns with Siddha concepts of Udal thathukkal balance and Vali-Azhal-Iyyam regulation. Given its broad pharmacological profile and traditional utility, VVC represents a promising and safe natural alternative for managing male infertility. However, further experimental and clinical validation is essential to substantiate its therapeutic claims and integrate it into evidence-based reproductive healthcare.
Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Activity of Athimathuram Chooranam: An In Vitro Study
Background: Infectious diseases remain a significant global health burden by rising threat to antibiotic resistance. According to Siddha literature, Athimathura Chooranam is a traditional herbal remedy that is used to relieve nausea, vomiting,head ache, Pitham and body itching. Aim/Objective The aim of the study is to investigate the Anti-microbial activity of Athimathura Chooranam against various micro-organisms and to determine its potential as a natural antimicrobial agent against various pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC29213), Bacillus cereus(Clinical Cochin University), Klebsiella pneumonia(ATCC-700603),Escherichia coli(ATCC 25922)and Candida albicans (Clinical Cochin University).Methods Athimathura Chooranam was tested by agar-well diffusion method.The medium was prepared by using Mueller Hinton Agar and Sabouraud dextrose media which was subsequently autoclaved. Results The Anti-microbial activity of Athimathuram Chooranam was assessed against five microbial cultures: two Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus), two gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae), and one fungal Strain (Candida albicans). The Chooranam was tested at concentrations of 25mg/mL and 50mg/mL.It showed significant zone of inhibitions of 18 mm for Staphylococcus aureus,16mm for Bacillus cereus,24 mm for Klebsiella pneumoniae,25 mm for Escherichaicoli, and 23 mm for Candida albicans. This indicates that Athimathuram Chooranam exhibits antimicrobial properties against a broad Spectrum of microbial organisms.
A study on the effectiveness of various treatment approaches for bronchiolitis
Bronchiolitis is a major cause of hospitalisation in infants, and its management varies widely across clinical settings. This observational study, conducted at SVS Medical College & Hospital over six months with 80 patients, assessed treatment patterns and outcomes. Bronchiolitis was most common in infants aged 5–8 months, with a higher incidence in males and rural populations, and mild disease was predominant. Treatment showed significant variation: intravenous fluids, especially dextrose normal saline with potassium supplementation, were frequently used to maintain hydration and electrolyte balance; parenteral antibiotics such as Augmentin were selectively administered when bacterial infection was suspected; and oral therapies including paracetamol, ambroxol, and vitamin D3 drops provided symptomatic relief. Saline nasal drops were universally prescribed, highlighting their essential role in airway clearance, while nebulised budesonide and salbutamol were used occasionally depending on severity. Heated Humidified High-Flow Nasal Cannula (HHHFNC) therapy was identified as the main supportive intervention, enhancing oxygenation and reducing respiratory distress. Overall, the combination of parenteral fluids, oral medications, nasal saline drops, and supportive care led to shorter hospital stays and quicker recovery, whereas reliance solely on supportive care and saline drops without targeted therapies was associated with extended hospitalisation. These findings emphasise the importance of integrated, evidence-based management strategies in bronchiolitis.
Heated Humidified High-Flow Nasal Cannula (HHHFNC)
Quality control parameters and safety profile of siddha herbal formulation: pirandai vadagam.
Introduction: Pirandai Vadagam is a traditional Siddha herbal formulation recommended for managing digestive disturbances and inflammatory disorders. It is prepared using thirteen medicinal ingredients. Establishing reliable quality control standards is crucial to ensure its safety, efficacy, and therapeutic consistency.Objective: The present study was undertaken to develop and validate quality control parameters for Pirandai Vadagam. Methods: The formulation was subjected to evaluation of organoleptic characters, physicochemical properties, heavy metal content, aflatoxin levels, and microbial load. Results: The physicochemical analysis revealed that the loss on drying at 105 °C, total ash, acid-insoluble ash, and water-soluble extractive values were 15.38%, 6.18%, 0.93%, and 119.25%, respectively. Microbial counts and aflatoxin levels were found to be within the permissible pharmacopoeial limits. Likewise, the concentrations of heavy metals were within the safe threshold values. Discussion and Conclusion: The established physicochemical parameters of Pirandai Vadagam fall within acceptable standards, indicating stability, purity, and favorable solubility that may enhance bioavailability. The absence of harmful levels of contaminants, heavy metals, and toxins supports the safety of this formulation, thereby justifying its continued use in Siddha clinical practice.
Socio-demographic correlates of perception and awareness of out-of-pocket health expenditures among household heads in gwagwalada area council, abuja, nigeria
In Nigeria, the healthcare financing landscape is dominated by out-of-pocket (OOP) payments. Although the National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) was launched in 1999 to mitigate financial hardship, its optional and limited coverage leaves many Nigerians vulnerable. This study aimed to assess the perception, awareness of OOP health expenditures and to explore their associations with socio-demographic characteristics among household heads in Gwagwalada Area Council, Abuja. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 255 household heads using a cluster sampling method. Data were collected via interviewer-assisted questionnaires and analyzed using SPSS version 21. Descriptive statistics were computed, and Chi-square tests were employed to identify associations at a 5% significance level. The majority of respondents were male (86.3%), married (63.9%), and had attained tertiary education (44.3%). About 97.6% viewed OOP health spending unfavorably. Awareness was generally high (81.2%), but significantly lower among respondents from low socio-economic classes (p<0.05). Only 32.5% were enrolled in NHIS. Socio-demographic factors such as age, education, and religion significantly influenced both perception and awareness (p<0.05). High levels of perception and awareness of OOP expenditures exist among household heads particularly among low-income groups. To enhance healthcare utilization and financial protection, targeted policy efforts are needed to expand NHIS coverage and address socio-economic disparities.
Role of probiotics in human health and its applications
This review is aimed to explore the health beneficial effects of probiotics which are live microorganisms that provide a positive health influence on humans when taken in sufficient quantity. Lactic acid bacteria, bifidobacteria, and yeast are frequently used as probiotics. Microorganisms occupy a prominent position in the industrial sector due to their unique properties, such as the limited time and space required for their growth and proliferation, as well as their easy manipulation of the genetic material. Among all the microorganisms, probiotics have grabbed the attention of researchers because of their non pathogenic nature and immersive application in treating digestive ailments and vitamin deficiency, boosting immunity, and detoxifying harmful chemicals. Probiotics, like lactic acid bacteria, are non- pathogenic microbes that exert health benefits to the host when administered in adequate quantity. Currently, research is being conducted on the molecular events and applications of probiotics. Considering the functional properties, probiotics are being used in the dairy, beverage, and baking industries. Thus, the potential of probiotics can efficiently be utilized on a commercial scale in food processing industries. Hence, probiotics have become an alternative to several drugs including antibiotics. In addition, probiotic efficacy also depends on the delivery system as the delivery agents help the bacteria to survive in the harsh environment of the human gut. This review explored a portrait of the beneficial effects of probiotics on human health. Probiotics have become increasingly popular over the past two decades due to the continuously expanding scientific evidence indicating their beneficial effects on human health. Therefore, they have been applied in the food industry to produce functional food, which plays a significant role in human health and reduces disease risk.
Physicochemical, Phytochemical and Gcms Analysis of Siddha Medicine Peenisa Chooranam in the Treatment of azhal Thalainokkadu
Azhal Thalainokkadu is a disease that can be correlated with the signs and symptoms of rhinitis, headache, pain in the ears and pain over the sinuses. Peenisa Chooranam (PC) is indicated in the dosage of Verukadi alavu (1.5 grams) for 28 days with the anubhanam lukewarm water for the conditions Peenisangal, Nasi naatram and Nasi raththam. To ensure the quality and efficacy, standardisation of the medicines is essential. In such a way that the present study attempts to provide insight into the preliminary analyses. Place of study: The studies Physico-Chemical analysis, Phytochemical analysis and GCMS analysis of PC were performed at Analytical chemistry lab, Research and Developmental Wing for ISM, AAGHIM campus, Arumbakkam, Chennai - 106. Methodology: The study medicine Peenisa Chooranam (PC) was prepared as per the literature, study as performed as per PLIM guidelines and results were analysed. Result: Brown-coloured dried powder shows the correct ingredients as per the literature. Physicochemical analysis shows 06.50% of the total ash value, 03.90% moisture content, and 5.47 pH. Phytochemical analysis shows the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, lignin and other constituents. GCMS analysis shows the presence of piperine with the highest peak area percentage, followed by other compounds. Conclusion: From this study it is concluded that the study is evidence of quality of formulation and preparation with its active constituents. It can be used to evaluate the authenticity of Peenisa Chooranam to further quality content research with recent analytical tools.
A Review on: Kearns-Sayre Syndrome (KSS)
Kearns-Sayre Syndrome (KSS) is a rare mitochondrial disorder characterized by progressive external ophthalmoplegia (PEO), pigmentary retinopathy, and cardiac conduction defects, typically presenting before the age of 20. It results from large-scale deletions or mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), leading to impaired oxidative phosphorylation and decreased ATP production, especially in high-energy-demand tissues such as the eyes, heart, brain, and muscles. KSS follows a non-Mendelian, usually sporadic pattern of inheritance due to the unique properties of mtDNA. Patients often experience ptosis, muscle weakness, hearing loss, cerebellar ataxia, short stature, endocrine dysfunctions, and cognitive decline. Diagnosis is based on clinical presentation, supported by genetic testing, muscle biopsy, and imaging studies. Although there is no cure, treatment is supportive, including pacemaker implantation for cardiac issues, ptosis surgery, hormone replacement, and supplements like coenzyme Q10 and carnitine. KSS can overlap with other mitochondrial syndromes, including Pearson syndrome and progressive external ophthalmoplegia as isolated presentations. Early diagnosis and multidisciplinary management are critical for improving quality of life and minimizing complications.
Progressive external ophthalmoplegia (PEO)
Evaluation of Antimicrobial activity and Microbial load of the Polyherbal Siddha formulation Sangkaaravairavan
Introduction: Sangkaara Vairavan (SV) is a polyherbal Siddha formulation composed of nine ingredients. Herbal medicines are often susceptible to microbial contamination, which can compromise their therapeutic benefits or even pose toxic effects. Aim: To scientifically assess the efficacy of Sangkaara Vairavan (SV) by evaluating its microbial contamination and antimicrobial properties. Study design Place of study: The microbial load and anti-microbial activity were examined at the Regional Research Institute of Unani Medicine in Chennai, which is accredited by NABH and NABL. Methodology: Sangkaara Vairavan was prepared traditionally according to the Standard Operating Procedure and formed into 130mg pills using ginger juice concentrate. Microbial load assessment was conducted using pour plate method following WHO standards with serial dilutions on selective media. Specific pathogenic bacteria were identified using biochemical tests. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated using agar well diffusion method against five clinical isolates. Hydroalcoholic extracts (50-150 mg/ml) were tested with standard antibiotic controls, measuring inhibition zones. Results: No contamination detected: Enterobacteriaceae, E. coli, Salmonella spp., S. aureus, and P. aeruginosa were absent. Total bacterial and fungal counts remained within permissible limits. SV demonstrated notable antimicrobial activity across all tested strains, producing clear inhibitory zones that compared favourably to those of Ampicillin, Norfloxacin, and Amphotericin. Conclusion:SV is both microbiologically safe (free from major pathogens and within limits for overall microbial load) and exhibits broad-spectrum antimicrobial efficacy. These findings support its therapeutic potential and warrant deeper pharmacological investigation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sasirekha. R, Sanjana.G, Chitra.U, Menaka.R, Sudhamathi Pushparaj.K https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Evaluation of physicochemical parameters and heavy metal content of the siddha formulation vengara chunnam
Background: Vengara Chunnam is a herbo-mineral Siddha formulation which is commonly used in the management of Urinary disorders such as Anuria, Urolithiasis, Scanty Micturition, Stricture urethra, and albuminuria. So, it is essential to evaluate the safety and purity of the formulation before it is therapeutically used. Aim: The aim of the study is to evaluate the physicochemical parameters and Heavy metal Analysis of the formulation Vengara Chunnam (VC). Methodology: The physicochemical parameters, like Acid-insoluble ash, Total ash, Moisture content, & pH of Vengara Chunnam were analysed. Heavy metals were analysed by the Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS) Method. The results were observed and tabulated. The results were tabulated as per PLIM guidelines for standardization of Indian Medicine. Result: The result of sample Vengara Chunnam shows white-colour, fine powdered Chunnam with a very mild odour. The physicochemical parameters of VC show that the total ash value is 87.53%, acid insoluble ash is 8.88%, the moisture content is 0.30% and pH Value is 5.7. Heavy metal analysis of Vengara Chunnam reveals existence of metals like Lead, Cadmium, Arsenic, and Mercury were found in minimal amounts as per WHO guidelines. Conclusion: The study findings show that the sample VC has all properties of Chunnam as per PLIM guidelines. Thus, the study of medicine Vengara Chunnam will be beneficial in treating diseases and supports further research.
Heavy metal, Physico chemical, Siddha, Vengara Chunnam
Copyright (c) 2025 Saranya N, Menaka R https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
ECO-Logic Reactions: Shaping the Future of Sustainable Molecular Science
In the era of environmental urgency, chemistry is undergoing a profound transformation—from efficiency-focused innovation to sustainability-centered solutions. This review explores the concept of eco-logic reactions, a progressive branch of molecular science that merges synthetic efficiency with ecological mindfulness. Rooted in the 12 principles of green chemistry, these reactions prioritize atom economy, non-toxic reagents, energy conservation, and minimal waste production. The manuscript highlights key eco-conscious innovations such as biocatalysis, organocatalysis, photocatalysis, and solvent-free reactions, offering practical examples that illustrate the shift from traditional practices toward cleaner and safer methodologies. Particular attention is given to solvent engineering, renewable feedstocks, and circular chemistry, emphasizing how the use of biomass, CO₂ utilization, and waste-to-chemical processes redefine sustainability in labs and industries. Moreover, the review discusses process intensification strategies like flow chemistry, mechanochemistry, and the integration of AI/ML for reaction optimization. Greenness metrics and life cycle assessments are also explored as tools to quantify and compare eco-efficiency. Applications in drug discovery, polymer science, and material innovation show how eco-logic principles are revolutionizing real-world production while aligning with global environmental goals. Additionally, regulatory support, educational integration, and collaborative frameworks are emphasized as vital drivers for mainstream adoption. This review aims to serve as a roadmap for chemists, educators, and policymakers invested in advancing a cleaner, smarter, and more sustainable future through the lens of eco-logic chemistry.
Identification, assessment and reporting of suspected Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) to Anti-retroviral therapy (ART) and Anti-tubercular therapy (ATT) in a community care centre at Warangal
Adverse effects of drugs are the main source of morbidity and mortality among the outpatients and inpatients. The objective of the study was to identify, assess and report suspected Adverse Drug Reactions in patients who are diagnosed with Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV-AIDS) patients with and without tuberculosis (TB). This was a prospective observational study conducted for a period of six months to explore the significant ADRs caused by Anti-Retroviral and Anti-Tubercular drugs in patients visiting the community care center at Warangal who are diagnosed with HIV-AIDS with or without Tuberculosis as co-infection. In our study, we enrolled 144 patients and a total of 514 ADRs were identified in 125 patients. The most common ADR observed in our study was peripheral neuropathy in 61 patients, followed by vomitings, weakness, anorexia, myalgia, diarrhea, and itching. The ART regimen Stavudine+Lamivudine+Efavirenz (STV+LMV+EFV) was found to be most commonly involved in about 138 ADRs, whereas the regimen Zidovudine+Lamivudine+Nevirapine (ZDV+LMV+NVP) was found to be having the least incidence rate of ADRs. Causality assessment was made using the WHO probability scale and Naranjo’s Scale and 340 (66.14%) and 346 (67.31%) ADRs were classified into Possible respectively. The severity of ADRs were assessed using Hartwig scale and 376 (67.50%) ADRs were classified into Moderate and 138 (26.84%) into Mild ADRs. The findings of our study showed that a huge number of ADRs were experienced by the patients who are receiving ART and ATT which is a major cause for medication Non-compliance and discontinuation of the therapy. Therefore, close monitoring and reporting of ADRs are needed in these patients who are receiving ART and ATT.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV-AIDS) and Causality
Blepharospasm is any abnormal contraction or twitch of the eyelid. the condition should be distinguished from the more common, and milder, Involuntaryquivering of an eyelid, known as myokymia. Benign essential blepharospasm (BEB) is craniofacial dyskinesia characterized by repeated, involuntary contractions of the orbicularisoculi, procerus, and corrugator muscles. The mechanism underlying benign essential blepharospasm is not yet clearly understood but is thought to be multifactorial, with a likely genetic component and an environmental trigger. It has been suggested that BEB may be partly due to abnormalities in the basal ganglia and dopaminergic system involving a subclinical loss of striatal dopamine.
A Review on Herbal Drug Therapy for Diabetes Mellitus
This review focuses on the study of herbal drugs used in Diabetes mellitus treatment. Diabetes mellitus becomes a common metabolic disorder that poses a serious threat to the world's public health. Approximately 60 percent of the world's population use traditional medicines derived from medicinal plants. Due to lower side effects and low cost, herbal formulations are favored. Synonymous with herbal medicine, phytomedicine or botanical medicine, plants are used for medicinal purposes. Herbal selection may depend on a number of factors, including the stage of diabetes progression, the types of comorbidities that patients have, availability, affordability, and herbal safety profile. A list is compiled of medicinal plants with proven antidiabetic and related beneficial effects and herbal medicines used in diabetes treatment.
A REVIEW ON CHEMOTHERAPY INDUCED COMPLICATIONS IN CANCER PATIENTS
Even with the evolution of chemotherapeutic procedures and agents, chemotherapy may cause certain side effects that impair the patients’ quality of life. The aim of this review is to isolate and describe the side effects arising only from chemotherapy. This paper comprises an extensive review of the main side effects affecting the health status of patients undergoing chemotherapy procedures. In addition, Cancer patients experience a variety of symptoms that can be physical or psychological. These symptoms may vary in terms of occurrence, severity, and distress and can be the result of the illness or the treatment.