Review article on endocrine diseases during pregnancy
Abstract
Pregnancy is the period where a woman undergoes several physical and hormonal changes in accordance to the growth of the fetus. Wide alteration in the levels of hormones from the normal values affect the state of gestation and the growth of the baby. Especially the most commonly encountered disorders like pregnancy induced thyroid disorder effects the neuro development of the baby whereas gestational diabetes makes mode of delivery complex. Hormonal imbalance can be investigated by haematological findings like thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), T3 and T4 tests to identify thyroid disorders whereas HbA1C, Random blood sugar(RBS), fasting random blood sugar(FRBS) , post prandial blood sugar (PPBS) and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) to screen gestational diabetes. Apart form these there are some uncommon hormonal pregnancy disorders like cushing syndrome, conns syndrome, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, adrenal insufficiency. These complexes can be rectified up to certain extent by diagnosing them before hand thereby implementing life style changes, dietary changes and taking medications. Therefore, prior screening of the diseases is important in supress further complications in pregnancy and to have healthy progeny.
Keywords:
Hormonal changes, thyroid disorders, gestational diabetes, neuro development, complex delivery, pregnancyDOI
https://doi.org/10.37022/wjcmpr.v4i6.246References
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32. 12. Thomas A Wilson, MD is a member of the Endocrine Society, Pediatric Endocrine Society , Phi Beta Kappa ,Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Treatment
33. Singh, A., Kumar, A. and Kalaiselvi, P., 2018. Aegeline, targets LOX1, the receptor for oxidized LDL to mitigate hypercholesterolemia: a new perspective in its anti-atherosclerotic action. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 128, p.S41.
1. Sriram N, Uppugalla S, Rajesh K. Cognitive Enhancing And Antioxidant Activity Of Ethyl Acetate Soluble Fraction Of The Methanol Extract Of Pisonia Alba Leaves In Scopolamine-Induced Amnesia. Journal of Pharmaceutical Negative Results. 2022 Dec 1:3740-9.
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35. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/addisons-disease/treatment/
36. Singh, A.,2022. Role of microbial metabolites in cardiovascular and human health. In Microbiome, Immunity, Digestive Health and Nutrition (pp. 137-148). Academic Press.
37. Pathophysiology of primary hyperparathyroidism A M Spiegel. J Bone Miner Res. 1991 Oct.
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2. Deja review Obstetrics and Gynaecology: Catherine J. Lee and Emily S. Miller pg no. 37 and 189
3. Adam Mortan, Stephanie Teasdale,Clinical endocrinology/volume 96,Issue 1/p.3-11,01 November 2021
4. Singh, A., Srinivasan, A.K., Chakrapani, L.N. and Kalaiselvi, P., 2019. LOX-1, the common therapeutic target in hypercholesterolemia: a new perspective of antiatherosclerotic action of aegeline. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity, 2019.
5. Z Karaca et al. Pregnancy and pituitary disorders, Eur J Endocrinol.2010 Mar
6. Roshan Dinparatisaleh, Adrenal disease during pregnancy, JOHN’S HOPKINS MEDICINE,2022
7. Daniela calina ,Anca Oana Docea,[…],and Antonis Makrigiannakis, Management of endocrinopathies in pregnacy:A Review of Current Evidence,Int J Environ Res Public Health,2019 Mar;16(5):781
8. Uppugalla S, Male U, Srinivasan P. Design and synthesis of heteroatoms doped carbon/polyaniline hybrid material for high performance electrode in supercapacitor application. ElectrochimicaActa. 2014 Nov 10;146:242-8.
9. Xu, T.; Dainelli, L.; Yu, K.; Ma, L.; Zolezzi, I.S.; Detzel, P.; Fang, H. The short-term health and economic burden of gestational diabetes mellitus in China: A modelling study. BMJ Open 2017, 7, e018893. [CrossRef]
10. Kondracki, A.J.; Valente, M.J.; Ibrahimou, B.; Bursac, Z. Risk of large for gestational age births at early, full and late term in relation to pre-pregnancy body mass index: Mediation by gestational diabetes status. Paediatr. Perinat. Epidemiol. 2022, 36, 566–576. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
11. Male U, Uppugalla S, Srinivasan P. Effect of reduced graphene oxide–silica composite in polyaniline: electrode material for high-performance supercapacitor. Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry. 2015 Nov;19(11):3381-8.
12. Sollan-koliopoulos, Guadagno S. Walker E: Gestational diabeties management: guidelines to a healthy pregnancy. Nurse pract 31:14-19. 2006
13. Kjos SF, Buchanan T: Gestational Diabeties mellitus. N Engl J Med 341:1749-1756, 1999
14. Muhas C, Naseef PP, A review article – gestational diabetes mellitus. Int J Curr Pharm Res 2017;9(1):1-5.
15. Uppugalla S, Srinivasan P. High-performance supercapacitor coin cell: polyaniline and nitrogen, sulfur-doped activated carbon electrodes in aqueous electrolyte. Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry. 2019 Jan;23(1):295-306.
16. Uppugalla S, Srinivasan P. Polyaniline nanofibers and porous Ni [OH] 2 sheets coated carbon fabric for high performance super capacitor. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 2019 Nov 5;136(41):48042.
17. Boini, K.M., singh, A.and Koka, S.S., 2021. Gut Microbial Metabolite Trimethylamine N-oxide Enhances Endoplasmic Reticular Stress and Promotes Endothelial Dysfunction. Circulation, 144(Suppl_1), pp.A14071-A14071.
18. Stagnaro-Green A, Abalovich M, Alexander E, Azizi F, Mestman J, Negro R, et al. American Thyroid Association Taskforce on Thyroid Disease During Pregnancy and Postpartum Guidelines of the American Thyroid Association for the diagnosis and management of thyroid disease during pregnancy and postpartum. Thyroid. 2011; 21:1081–125.
19. Uppugalla S, Boddula R, Srinivasan P. Methyl triphenylphosphonium permanganate as a novel oxidant for aniline to polyaniline-manganese (II, IV) oxide: material for high performance pseudocapacitor. Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry. 2018 Feb;22(2):407-15.
20. M. Abalovich, N. Amino, L. A. Barbour et al., “Management of thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy and postpartum: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline,” The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol. 92, supplement 8, pp. S1–S47, 2007.
21. Singh A. Hyperlipidemia in cardiovascular health and digestion. InNutrition and Functional Foods in Boosting Digestion, Metabolism and Immune Health 2022 Jan 1 (pp. 141-150). Academic Press Parajuli D,
22. Uppugalla S, Murali N, Ramakrishna A, Suryanarayana B, Samatha K. Synthesis and Characterization MXene-Ferrite Nanocomposites and its application https://reference.medscape.com/drug/synthroid-levoxyl-levothyroxine-342732#10
23. Roh, J., Hill, J.A., Singh, A., Valero-Muñoz, M. and Sam, F., 2022. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: heterogeneous syndrome, diverse preclinical models. Circulation Research, 130(12), pp.1906-1925.
24. Roh, J.D., Kitchen, R.R., Guseh, J.S., McNeill, J.N., Aid, M., Martinot, A.J., Yu, A., Platt, C., Rhee, J., Weber, B. and Trager, L.E., 2022. Plasma proteomics of COVID-19–associated cardiovascular complications: implications for pathophysiology and therapeutics. Basic to Translational Science, 7(5), pp.425-441.
25. Botsa SM, Seetharam P, Raju IM, Suresh P, Satyanarayana G, Sambasivam S, Susmitha U, Tejeswararao D. Nanohybrid material of Co–TiO2 and optical performance on methylene blue dye under visible light illumination. Hybrid Advances. 2022 Dec 8:100008.
1. . Shiv Chandra Singh, A., Yu, A., Chang, B., Li, H., Rosenzweig, A. and Roh, J.D., 2021. Exercise Training Attenuates Activin Type II Receptor Signaling in the Aged Heart. Circulation, 144(Suppl_1), pp.A14259-A14259.
26. https://www.pennmedicine.org/for-patients-and-visitors/patient-information/conditions-treated-a-to-z/hyperaldosteronism
27. Singh, A., 2022. Role of microbial metabolites in cardiovascular and human health. In Microbiome, Immunity, Digestive Health and Nutrition (pp. 137-148). Academic Press.
28. NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes ofHealth. StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-.
29. https://columbiasurgery.org/conditions-and-treatments/primary-hyperaldosteronism-connssyndrome
30. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/congenital-adrenal-hyperplasia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355205
31. Uppugalla S, Rajesh K, Surendra AV, Kumar K, Gayasuddin M. Effect Of Pisonia Alba Root Extract On Cafeteria Diet-Induced Obesity In Rats. Journal of Pharmaceutical Negative Results. 2022 Dec 1:3732-9.
32. 12. Thomas A Wilson, MD is a member of the Endocrine Society, Pediatric Endocrine Society , Phi Beta Kappa ,Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Treatment
33. Singh, A., Kumar, A. and Kalaiselvi, P., 2018. Aegeline, targets LOX1, the receptor for oxidized LDL to mitigate hypercholesterolemia: a new perspective in its anti-atherosclerotic action. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 128, p.S41.
1. Sriram N, Uppugalla S, Rajesh K. Cognitive Enhancing And Antioxidant Activity Of Ethyl Acetate Soluble Fraction Of The Methanol Extract Of Pisonia Alba Leaves In Scopolamine-Induced Amnesia. Journal of Pharmaceutical Negative Results. 2022 Dec 1:3740-9.
34. Mitchell AL, Pearce SH. Autoimmune Addison disease: pathophysiology and genetic complexity. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2012 Jan 31;8(5):306-16.
35. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/addisons-disease/treatment/
36. Singh, A.,2022. Role of microbial metabolites in cardiovascular and human health. In Microbiome, Immunity, Digestive Health and Nutrition (pp. 137-148). Academic Press.
37. Pathophysiology of primary hyperparathyroidism A M Spiegel. J Bone Miner Res. 1991 Oct.
38. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hyperparathyroidism/diagnosis-treatment/drc
39. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16618-diabetes-insipidus
40. https://www.webmd.com/diabetes/what-is-diabetes-insipidus
41. https://www.cureus.com/articles/45123-diabetes-insipidus-pathogenesis-diagnosis-and-clinical-management
42. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diabetes-insipidus/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351274
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2022-12-23
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Review article on endocrine diseases during pregnancy. World Journal of Current Med and Pharm Research [Internet]. 2022 Dec. 23 [cited 2026 Jan. 27];4(6):151-6. Available from: https://www.wjcmpr.org/index.php/journal/article/view/246
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Review article on endocrine diseases during pregnancy. World Journal of Current Med and Pharm Research [Internet]. 2022 Dec. 23 [cited 2026 Jan. 27];4(6):151-6. Available from: https://www.wjcmpr.org/index.php/journal/article/view/246
