Hepatorenal Protective Functions of Coconut Water in Alloxan-Induced Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Abstract
Coconut water is a natural product reported to contain antioxidant compounds with beneficial health effects. This study aimed to evaluate the antidiabetic effect of mature coconut water on some biochemical parameters of liver and kidney functions, and histological architecture of the pancreas in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Twenty-four (24) Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups, (n=6). Group I (negative control) rats were fed with rat chow and drinking water ad libitum and did not receive alloxan. Group II (positive control) received a single intraperitoneal dose of 150mg/kg body weight of alloxan to induce type 1 diabetes mellitus. Groups III and IV received a single intraperitoneal dose of 150mg/kg body weight of alloxan and were treated with 1ml/kg of mature coconut water for 3 weeks and 2mg/kg of glibenclamide for 3 weeks respectively by oral administration. On day 21, blood samples were collected for liver and kidney function tests. Liver function tests for Group II showed elevated aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), albumin, total protein, total bilirubin, and low alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (p<0.05). When compared with Group II, Group III showed elevated liver function parameters except ALT that was reduced (p<0.05). Group IV showed elevated AST, total bilirubin, and reduced ALT, ALP, albumin, and total protein (p<0.05). Kidney function tests showed that rats in Group II had significantly high creatinine, urea, bicarbonate, potassium, and sodium (p<0.05). Group III had lowered creatinine, potassium levels, but with elevated urea, bicarbonate, and sodium levels (p<0.05). Group IV had lowered creatinine, urea, bicarbonate, potassium levels, but with elevated sodium levels (p<0.05). This study indicates that mature coconut water can be included in the treatment regimen for diabetes mellitus due to its hepatorenal protective functions.
Keywords:
Hepatorenal, hepatoreno-protective, biomarkers, coconut water, alloxan, diabetes mellitusDOI
https://doi.org/10.37022/wjcmpr.v5i4.276References
1. Adeyemi DO, Komolafe OA, Adewole OS, Obuotor EM, Abiodun AA, Adenowo TK. Histomorphological and morphometric studies of the pancreatic islet cells of diabetic rats treated with extracts of Annonamuricata. Folia Morphologica. 2010; 69: 92-100.
2. Ahmadvand H, Tavafi M, Khalatbary AR. Hepatoprotective and hypolipidemic effects of Satureja Khuzestanica essential oil in alloxan-induced type 1 diabetic rats. Iranian Journal of Pharmacological Research. 2012; 11: 1219–1226.
3. Ali BH, Al-Husseni I, Beegam S, Al-Shukaili A, Nemmar A, Schierling S, Queisser N, Schupp N. Effect of gum arabic on oxidative stress and inflammation in adenine-induced chronic renal failure in rats. Plus One. 2013; 8(2): e55242. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055242.
4. Antien L, Stephan JL, Diana C, Irene GM, Van V, Stefan B, Henk JG, Friedo W, Jan AB, Gerjan N, Bart J, Hans J. Association between CNDP1 G genotype and diabetic nephropathy is sex specific. Diabetes. 2010; 59: 1555–1559.
5. Arkkila PE, Koskinen PJ, Kantola IM, Rönnemaa T, Seppänen E, Viikari JS. Diabetic complications are associated with liver enzyme activities in people with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Research of Clinical Practices. 2001; 52: 113–118.
6. Ayepola OR, Chegou NN, Brooks NL, Oguntibeju OO. Kolaviron, a Garciniabiflavonoid complex ameliorates hyperglycemia-mediated hepatic injury in rats via suppression of inflammatory responses. BMC Complementary Alternative Medicine. 2013; 13: 363-367.
7. Bankar GR, Nayak PG, Bansal P, Paul P, Pai KSR, Singla RK, Bhat VG. Vasorelaxant and antihypertensive effect of Cocosnucifera Linn. endocarp on isolated rat thoracic aorta and DOCA salt–induced hypertensive rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2011; 134(1): 50-54.
8. Berraaouan A, Ziyyat A, Mekhfi H, Legssyer A, Sindic M, Aziz M, Bnouham M. Evaluation of antidiabetic properties of cactus pear seed oil in rats. Pharmacological Biology. 2014; 52(10): 1286-1290.
9. Bhagya D, Prema L, Rajamohan T. Beneficial effects of tender coconut water on blood pressure and lipid levels in experimental hypertension. Journal of Cell Tissue Research. 2010; 10: 2139-2144.
10. Bruce F. The healing miracles of coconut oil. He-wise, London. 2020; p. 60.
11. Byrne CD. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, insulin resistance and ectopic fat: a new problem in diabetes management. Diabetes Medicine. 2012; 29: 1098 –1107.
12. Campbell-Falck D, Thomas T, Falck TM, Tutuo N, Clem K. The intravenous use of coconut water. American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2000; 18 (1): 108–111.
13. Dong Q, Banaich MS, O'Brien PJ. Cytoprotection by almond skin extracts or catechins of hepatocyte cytotoxicity induced by hydroperoxide (oxidative stress model) versus glyoxal or methylglyoxal (carbonylation model). Chemico-Biological Interaction. 2010; 185: 101-109.
14. Doumasa BT, Watson WA, Biggs HG. Albumin standards and measurement of serum albumin with bromocresol green. Clinical Chimica Acta. 1971; 31: 87-96.
15. Edet EE, Akpanabiatu MI, Uboh FE, Eno AE, Itam EH, Umoh IB. Gongronemalatifolium crude leaf extract reverse alteration in haemotological indices and weight loss in diabetic rats. Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology. 2011; 6׃ 174-181.
16. Ekechi HO, Ikwuka AO, Udeh FC, Abraham JC. Effects of ethanol extract of Rauwolfiavomitoria leaf on lipid profile and cerebellar histology in cisplatin-induced oxidative stress. British Journal of Medical and Health Research. 2023; 10(5): 16-39. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.8042521.
17. El-Demerdash FM, Yousef MI, El-Naga NI. Biochemical study on the hypoglycemic effects of onion and garlic in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2005; 43: 57-63.
18. Hall JE, Hall ME. Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology. 14th edition. Elsevier. 2020; p. 984.
19. Hickman IJ, Macdonald GA. Impact of diabetes on the severity of liver disease. American Journal of Medicine. 2007; 120: 829–834.
20. Ho CT, Wang M. Dietary phenolics as reactive carbonyl scavengers: potential impact on human health and mechanism of action. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine. 2013; 3: 139–141.
21. Ikwuka AO. Risk factors for the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus type 2. Materials of 84th Scientific and Practical Conference of Students and Young Scientists with International Participation “Innovations in medicine”. 2015; p. 19. Available online: http://www.ifnmu.edu.ua/images/snt/files/konferenciya/Tezu_2015.pdf
22. Ikwuka AO. Dyslipidemia risk severity in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 and essential hypertension. Journal of the 21st International Medical Congress of Students and Young Scientists. 2017; p. 59.
23. Ikwuka AO. Effectiveness of dapagliflozin in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 and essential hypertension. Book of abstracts of the 7th International Students’ Scientific Conference of Young Medical Researchers. 2017; p. 102. Available online: http://www.stn.umed.wroc.pl/files/lm/Accepted_papers.16113.pdf
24. Ikwuka AO. Influence of dyslipidemia in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 and essential hypertension. The Pharma Innovation Journal. 2017; 6(3): 101-103. Available online: http://www.thepharmajournal.com/archives/?year=2017&vol=6&issue=3&part=B
25. Ikwuka AO, Haman IO. Features of kidney damage in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 and essential hypertension. Journal of 86th Scientific and Practical Conference of Students and Young Scientists with International Participation “Innovations in medicine”. 2017; p. 144. Available online: http://www.ifnmu.edu.ua/images/snt/86-konf-tezi%20(1).pdf
26. Ikwuka AO, Virstyuk NG, Luchko OR. Features of the functional state of kidneys in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 and essential arterial hypertension. Materials of scientific-practical conference with international participation “Babenkivski reading”. 2017; p. 48.
27. Ikwuka AO. Clinical dynamics in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 and concomitant essential hypertensive disease treated with dapagliflozin. Journal of the 22nd International Medical Congress of Students and Young Scientists. 2018; p. 32.
28. Ikwuka AO. Clinical effectiveness of SGLT-2 inhibitors in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 and essential hypertensive disease. Endocrine Practice. 2018; 24(1): 74. DOI: 10.1016/S1530-891X(20)47129-0.
29. Ikwuka AO. Features of kidney damage in patients with arterial hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus and optimization of treatment. Specialized Academic Council IFNMU. 2018; Available online: http://www.ifnmu.edu.ua/images/zagalna_informacia/spec_vcheni_radi/2017-2019/%D0%9420.601.01/Ikvuka/Avtoreferat.pdf
30. Ikwuka AO, Paliy Yu. Structural changes of the left ventricular myocardium in patients with essential arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus type 2. Abstracts of the 87th Scientific Conference of Students and Young Scientists with International Participation “Innovations in medicine”. 2018; p. 25-26. Available online: https://www.ifnmu.edu.ua/images/snt/zaproshennia_eng.pdf
31. Ikwuka AO. Clinical dynamics of nephropathy in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 and concomitant essential hypertensive disease. Clinical Medicine. 2019; 19(2): s39. DOI: 10.7861/clinmedicine.19-2-s39.
32. Ikwuka AO. Clinical effectiveness of GLP-1 RAs in patients with metabolic syndrome diseases. Endocrine Practice. 2019; 25(1): 104-105. DOI: 10.1016/S1530-891X(20)46611-X.
33. Ikwuka AO. Dr. Aloy's Core Essential Series (DACES) Immunology. 1st Edition. Science and Education Publishing, USA. 2023; p. 31. ISBN: 978-978-795-866-7.
34. Ikwuka AO. Dr. Aloy's Core Essential Series (DACES) Medical Genetics. 1st Edition. Science and Education Publishing, USA. 2023; p. 9. ISBN: 978-1-958293-02-7.
35. Ikwuka AO, Virstyuk NG. Pattern of cardiac remodelling of the left ventricle in patients with essential hypertensive disease and concomitant type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clinical Medicine. 2019; 19(3): s92. DOI: 10.7861/clinmedicine.19-3-s92.
36. Ikwuka AO, Virstyuk NG. Influence of SGLT2 inhibitor and A2RB (AT1) on fibrogenesis and heart failure in patients with essential hypertensive disease combined with diabetes mellitus type 2. E-Poster No. 143 of the 44th & 45th Annual General and Scientific Meeting of the West African College of Physicians (WACP), 1 - 3 November, 2021. 2021; DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.26912.87047.
37. Ikwuka AO, Virstyuk N. Prognostic markers of nephropathy in patients with dual metabolic syndrome diseases (essential hypertensive disease and concomitant type 2 diabetes mellitus). Endocrine Practice. 2022; 28(5): S65-S66. DOI: 10.1016/j.eprac.2022.03.164.
38. Ikwuka AO, Virstyuk N. Patterns and Influence of Cardio-Metabolic Insufficiency in Patients with Essential Hypertensive Disease and Concomitant Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Endocrine Practice. 2023; 29(5): S32-S33. DOI: 10.1016/j.eprac.2023.03.076.
39. Ikwuka AO, Virstyuk NG, Luchko OR, Kobitovych I. Heterogeneity Of Renal Pathogenicity On The Background Of Asymptomatic Hyperuricemia In Patients With Dual Metabolic Syndrome Diseases (Essential Hypertensive Disease and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus). British Journal of Medical and Health Research. 2023; 10(2): 1-9. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7690636.
40. Kang MH, Lee MS, Choi MK, Min KS, Shibamoto T. Hypoglycemic activity of Gymnemasylvestre extracts on oxidative stress and antioxidant status in diabetic rats. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry. 2012; 60: 2517-2524.
41. Kim EE, Wyckoff HW. Reaction mechanism of alkaline phosphatase based on crystal structures. Two-metal ion catalysis. Journal of Molecular Biology. 1991; 218: 449–464.
42. King PRM, King EJ. Estimation of serum alkaline phosphatase activity by chlorimetric method. Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1954; 7: 322.
43. Kojima N, Slaughter TN, Paige A, Kato S, Roman RJ, Williams JM. Comparison of the development diabetic induced renal disease in strains of Goto-Kakizaki rats. Journal of Diabetes and Metabolism. 2013; 9(5): S9-005.
44. Kumar PJ, Clark M. Textbook of Clinical Medicine. Saunders. 2002; p. 1099-1121.
45. Lindberg G, Lindblad U, Melander A. Sulfonylureas for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Systemic Review. 2004; 3: 151-155.
46. Loki AL, Rajamohan T. Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effect of tender coconut water on carbon tetrachloride induced liver injury in rats. Indian Journal of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 2003; 40: 354–357.
47. Lotfy M, Singh J, Hameed R, Tariq S, Zilahi E, Adeghate E. Mechanism of the beneficial and protective effects of exenatide in diabetic rats. Journal of Endocrinology. 2013; 18: 291-304.
48. Nwangwa EK. The reno-protective effects of coconut water on the kidneys of diabetic Wistar rats. Journal of Health Science. 2012; 2(1): 1-4. DOI: 10.5923/j.health.20120201.01.
49. Pari LJ, Uma-Maheswari. Hypoglycaemic effect of Musa sapietum L. in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1999; 68: 321-325.
50. Prakasam A, Sethupathy S, Pugalendi KV. Influence of Caseariaesculenta root extract on protein metabolism and marker enzymes in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Polish Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacy. 2004; 56: 587-593.
51. Prasad SK, Kulshreshtha A, Qureshi TN. Antioxidant activity of some herbal plants in streptozotocin-induced diabetic albino rats. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition. 2009; 8: 551-557.
52. Preetha PP, Girija Devi V, Rajamohan T. Antihyperlipidemic effects of mature coconut water and its role in regulating lipid metabolism in alloxan-induced experimental diabetes. Comparative Clinical Pathology. 2013; 23: 1331–1337.
53. Reitman S, Frankel S. A colorimetric method for the determination of serum glutamic oxaloacetic acid and glutamic pyruvic transaminases. American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1957; 28: 56-63.
54. Saely CH, Aczel S, Marte T. Cardiovascular complication in type 2 diabetes mellitus depends on the coronary angiographic state rather than on diabetes state. Diabetologia. 2004; 47׃ 145-146.
55. Sivajothi V, Dey A, Jaykar B, Rajkapoor B. Antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant effect of Phyllanthusrheedii on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Iran Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 2008; 7: 53-59.
56. Svensson M, Eriksson JW, Dahlquist G. Early glycemic control, age at onset, and development of microvascular complications in childhood-onset type 1 diabetes: a population-based study in northern Sweden. Diabetes Care. 2004; 27: 955-962.
57. Udeh FC, Ikwuka AO, Epete MA, Igwe EC. Effects of local tobacco snuff ingestion during pregnancy on renal functions and histology architecture of female Wistar rats and on the birth weight of their pups. American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine. 2023; 11(1): 1-5. DOI: 10.12691/ajmsm-11-1-1.
58. Udeh FC, Ikwuka AO, Epete MA, Igwe EC. Effects of oral consumption of Nicotianatabacum during pregnancy on the liver and prolactin levels of adult female Wistar rats. European Journal of Veterinary Medicine. 2023; 3(2): 1-5. DOI: 10.24018/ejvetmed.2023.3.2.93.
59. Virstyuk NG, Ikwuka AO, Haman IO, Adebomi MS. Diabetes mellitus type 2, arterial hypertension and dyslipidemia. Materials of 2nd International Scientific and Practical Conference "Therapeutic readings: modern aspects of diagnosis and treatment of diseases of internal organs". 2016; p. 46-47.
60. Virstyuk NG, Ikwuka AO. Diagnostic and prognostic markers of the diabetes mellitus type 2 course in connection with essential arterial hypertension taking into account the kidney function. Precarpathian Journal Pulse (ISSN: 2304-7437). 2017; 8(44): 53-62.
61. Virstyuk NG, Ikwuka AO. Features of asymptomatic hyperuricemia in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 and concomitant essential arterial hypertension. Clinical and Experimental Pathology. 2018; 1(63): 22-26. DOI: 10.24061/1727-4338.XVII.1.63.2018.5.
62. Virstyuk NG, Ikwuka AO. Nephropathic characteristics in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 and essential hypertensive disease. Art of Medicine. 2019; 1(5): 44-47. DOI: 10.21802/artm.2019.1.9.44.
63. Virstyuk NG, Ikwuka AO. Asymptomatic hyperuricemia and functional state of the kidneys in patients with essential arterial hypertension and concomitant diabetes mellitus type 2. European Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2021; 2(3): 100-104. DOI: 10.24018/clinicmed.2021.2.3.65.
64. Virstyuk NG, Ikwuka AO, Didushko OM. Effect of dapagliflozin on the level of uric acid during asymptomatic hyperuricemia in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 and concomitant arterial hypertension. Art of Medicine. 2018; 1(5): 21-26. Available online: https://art-of-medicine.ifnmu.edu.ua/index.php/aom/article/view/179/150
65. Virstyuk NH, Ikwuka AO. Dapagliflozin influence on the clinical course of diabetes mellitus type 2 and essential hypertension in patients. Recent Advances in Environmental Science from the Euro-Mediterranean and Surrounding Regions. Springer International Publishing AG. 2018; p. 2007-2008. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-70548-4_582.
66. Virstyuk NH, Ikwuka AO, Losyuk LV, Kobrynska OYa, Markiv HD. Dapagliflozin utility in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 and essential hypertensive disease. Actual Problems of Modern Medicine. 2017; 4(60) 1: 76-79. Available online: http://www.umsa.edu.ua/journal2stat4_2017_eng.html
67. Virstyuk NH, Ikwuka AO, Luchko OR, Kocherzhat OI. Peculiarities of renal insufficiency in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 and arterial hypertension. Materials of scientific-practical conference with international participation "Achievements and prospects of experimental and clinical endocrinology" Twentieth Danilevsky readings. 2021; p. 86-87.
68. Wheatherburn MW. Phenol-hypochlorite reaction for determination of ammonia. Analytical Chemistry. 1967; 38: 971-977.
69. Zheng K, Wu L, He Z, Yang B, Yang Y. Measurement of the total protein in serum by biuret method with uncertainty evaluation. Measurement. 2017; 112: 16-21.
70. Zimmet P, Cowie C, Ekoe JM, Shaw JE. Classification of diabetes mellitus and other categories of glucose intolerance. In: International Textbook of Diabetes Mellitus, 3rd Ed., 2004; p. 3-14.
2. Ahmadvand H, Tavafi M, Khalatbary AR. Hepatoprotective and hypolipidemic effects of Satureja Khuzestanica essential oil in alloxan-induced type 1 diabetic rats. Iranian Journal of Pharmacological Research. 2012; 11: 1219–1226.
3. Ali BH, Al-Husseni I, Beegam S, Al-Shukaili A, Nemmar A, Schierling S, Queisser N, Schupp N. Effect of gum arabic on oxidative stress and inflammation in adenine-induced chronic renal failure in rats. Plus One. 2013; 8(2): e55242. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055242.
4. Antien L, Stephan JL, Diana C, Irene GM, Van V, Stefan B, Henk JG, Friedo W, Jan AB, Gerjan N, Bart J, Hans J. Association between CNDP1 G genotype and diabetic nephropathy is sex specific. Diabetes. 2010; 59: 1555–1559.
5. Arkkila PE, Koskinen PJ, Kantola IM, Rönnemaa T, Seppänen E, Viikari JS. Diabetic complications are associated with liver enzyme activities in people with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Research of Clinical Practices. 2001; 52: 113–118.
6. Ayepola OR, Chegou NN, Brooks NL, Oguntibeju OO. Kolaviron, a Garciniabiflavonoid complex ameliorates hyperglycemia-mediated hepatic injury in rats via suppression of inflammatory responses. BMC Complementary Alternative Medicine. 2013; 13: 363-367.
7. Bankar GR, Nayak PG, Bansal P, Paul P, Pai KSR, Singla RK, Bhat VG. Vasorelaxant and antihypertensive effect of Cocosnucifera Linn. endocarp on isolated rat thoracic aorta and DOCA salt–induced hypertensive rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2011; 134(1): 50-54.
8. Berraaouan A, Ziyyat A, Mekhfi H, Legssyer A, Sindic M, Aziz M, Bnouham M. Evaluation of antidiabetic properties of cactus pear seed oil in rats. Pharmacological Biology. 2014; 52(10): 1286-1290.
9. Bhagya D, Prema L, Rajamohan T. Beneficial effects of tender coconut water on blood pressure and lipid levels in experimental hypertension. Journal of Cell Tissue Research. 2010; 10: 2139-2144.
10. Bruce F. The healing miracles of coconut oil. He-wise, London. 2020; p. 60.
11. Byrne CD. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, insulin resistance and ectopic fat: a new problem in diabetes management. Diabetes Medicine. 2012; 29: 1098 –1107.
12. Campbell-Falck D, Thomas T, Falck TM, Tutuo N, Clem K. The intravenous use of coconut water. American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2000; 18 (1): 108–111.
13. Dong Q, Banaich MS, O'Brien PJ. Cytoprotection by almond skin extracts or catechins of hepatocyte cytotoxicity induced by hydroperoxide (oxidative stress model) versus glyoxal or methylglyoxal (carbonylation model). Chemico-Biological Interaction. 2010; 185: 101-109.
14. Doumasa BT, Watson WA, Biggs HG. Albumin standards and measurement of serum albumin with bromocresol green. Clinical Chimica Acta. 1971; 31: 87-96.
15. Edet EE, Akpanabiatu MI, Uboh FE, Eno AE, Itam EH, Umoh IB. Gongronemalatifolium crude leaf extract reverse alteration in haemotological indices and weight loss in diabetic rats. Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology. 2011; 6׃ 174-181.
16. Ekechi HO, Ikwuka AO, Udeh FC, Abraham JC. Effects of ethanol extract of Rauwolfiavomitoria leaf on lipid profile and cerebellar histology in cisplatin-induced oxidative stress. British Journal of Medical and Health Research. 2023; 10(5): 16-39. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.8042521.
17. El-Demerdash FM, Yousef MI, El-Naga NI. Biochemical study on the hypoglycemic effects of onion and garlic in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2005; 43: 57-63.
18. Hall JE, Hall ME. Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology. 14th edition. Elsevier. 2020; p. 984.
19. Hickman IJ, Macdonald GA. Impact of diabetes on the severity of liver disease. American Journal of Medicine. 2007; 120: 829–834.
20. Ho CT, Wang M. Dietary phenolics as reactive carbonyl scavengers: potential impact on human health and mechanism of action. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine. 2013; 3: 139–141.
21. Ikwuka AO. Risk factors for the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus type 2. Materials of 84th Scientific and Practical Conference of Students and Young Scientists with International Participation “Innovations in medicine”. 2015; p. 19. Available online: http://www.ifnmu.edu.ua/images/snt/files/konferenciya/Tezu_2015.pdf
22. Ikwuka AO. Dyslipidemia risk severity in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 and essential hypertension. Journal of the 21st International Medical Congress of Students and Young Scientists. 2017; p. 59.
23. Ikwuka AO. Effectiveness of dapagliflozin in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 and essential hypertension. Book of abstracts of the 7th International Students’ Scientific Conference of Young Medical Researchers. 2017; p. 102. Available online: http://www.stn.umed.wroc.pl/files/lm/Accepted_papers.16113.pdf
24. Ikwuka AO. Influence of dyslipidemia in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 and essential hypertension. The Pharma Innovation Journal. 2017; 6(3): 101-103. Available online: http://www.thepharmajournal.com/archives/?year=2017&vol=6&issue=3&part=B
25. Ikwuka AO, Haman IO. Features of kidney damage in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 and essential hypertension. Journal of 86th Scientific and Practical Conference of Students and Young Scientists with International Participation “Innovations in medicine”. 2017; p. 144. Available online: http://www.ifnmu.edu.ua/images/snt/86-konf-tezi%20(1).pdf
26. Ikwuka AO, Virstyuk NG, Luchko OR. Features of the functional state of kidneys in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 and essential arterial hypertension. Materials of scientific-practical conference with international participation “Babenkivski reading”. 2017; p. 48.
27. Ikwuka AO. Clinical dynamics in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 and concomitant essential hypertensive disease treated with dapagliflozin. Journal of the 22nd International Medical Congress of Students and Young Scientists. 2018; p. 32.
28. Ikwuka AO. Clinical effectiveness of SGLT-2 inhibitors in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 and essential hypertensive disease. Endocrine Practice. 2018; 24(1): 74. DOI: 10.1016/S1530-891X(20)47129-0.
29. Ikwuka AO. Features of kidney damage in patients with arterial hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus and optimization of treatment. Specialized Academic Council IFNMU. 2018; Available online: http://www.ifnmu.edu.ua/images/zagalna_informacia/spec_vcheni_radi/2017-2019/%D0%9420.601.01/Ikvuka/Avtoreferat.pdf
30. Ikwuka AO, Paliy Yu. Structural changes of the left ventricular myocardium in patients with essential arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus type 2. Abstracts of the 87th Scientific Conference of Students and Young Scientists with International Participation “Innovations in medicine”. 2018; p. 25-26. Available online: https://www.ifnmu.edu.ua/images/snt/zaproshennia_eng.pdf
31. Ikwuka AO. Clinical dynamics of nephropathy in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 and concomitant essential hypertensive disease. Clinical Medicine. 2019; 19(2): s39. DOI: 10.7861/clinmedicine.19-2-s39.
32. Ikwuka AO. Clinical effectiveness of GLP-1 RAs in patients with metabolic syndrome diseases. Endocrine Practice. 2019; 25(1): 104-105. DOI: 10.1016/S1530-891X(20)46611-X.
33. Ikwuka AO. Dr. Aloy's Core Essential Series (DACES) Immunology. 1st Edition. Science and Education Publishing, USA. 2023; p. 31. ISBN: 978-978-795-866-7.
34. Ikwuka AO. Dr. Aloy's Core Essential Series (DACES) Medical Genetics. 1st Edition. Science and Education Publishing, USA. 2023; p. 9. ISBN: 978-1-958293-02-7.
35. Ikwuka AO, Virstyuk NG. Pattern of cardiac remodelling of the left ventricle in patients with essential hypertensive disease and concomitant type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clinical Medicine. 2019; 19(3): s92. DOI: 10.7861/clinmedicine.19-3-s92.
36. Ikwuka AO, Virstyuk NG. Influence of SGLT2 inhibitor and A2RB (AT1) on fibrogenesis and heart failure in patients with essential hypertensive disease combined with diabetes mellitus type 2. E-Poster No. 143 of the 44th & 45th Annual General and Scientific Meeting of the West African College of Physicians (WACP), 1 - 3 November, 2021. 2021; DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.26912.87047.
37. Ikwuka AO, Virstyuk N. Prognostic markers of nephropathy in patients with dual metabolic syndrome diseases (essential hypertensive disease and concomitant type 2 diabetes mellitus). Endocrine Practice. 2022; 28(5): S65-S66. DOI: 10.1016/j.eprac.2022.03.164.
38. Ikwuka AO, Virstyuk N. Patterns and Influence of Cardio-Metabolic Insufficiency in Patients with Essential Hypertensive Disease and Concomitant Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Endocrine Practice. 2023; 29(5): S32-S33. DOI: 10.1016/j.eprac.2023.03.076.
39. Ikwuka AO, Virstyuk NG, Luchko OR, Kobitovych I. Heterogeneity Of Renal Pathogenicity On The Background Of Asymptomatic Hyperuricemia In Patients With Dual Metabolic Syndrome Diseases (Essential Hypertensive Disease and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus). British Journal of Medical and Health Research. 2023; 10(2): 1-9. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7690636.
40. Kang MH, Lee MS, Choi MK, Min KS, Shibamoto T. Hypoglycemic activity of Gymnemasylvestre extracts on oxidative stress and antioxidant status in diabetic rats. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry. 2012; 60: 2517-2524.
41. Kim EE, Wyckoff HW. Reaction mechanism of alkaline phosphatase based on crystal structures. Two-metal ion catalysis. Journal of Molecular Biology. 1991; 218: 449–464.
42. King PRM, King EJ. Estimation of serum alkaline phosphatase activity by chlorimetric method. Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1954; 7: 322.
43. Kojima N, Slaughter TN, Paige A, Kato S, Roman RJ, Williams JM. Comparison of the development diabetic induced renal disease in strains of Goto-Kakizaki rats. Journal of Diabetes and Metabolism. 2013; 9(5): S9-005.
44. Kumar PJ, Clark M. Textbook of Clinical Medicine. Saunders. 2002; p. 1099-1121.
45. Lindberg G, Lindblad U, Melander A. Sulfonylureas for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Systemic Review. 2004; 3: 151-155.
46. Loki AL, Rajamohan T. Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effect of tender coconut water on carbon tetrachloride induced liver injury in rats. Indian Journal of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 2003; 40: 354–357.
47. Lotfy M, Singh J, Hameed R, Tariq S, Zilahi E, Adeghate E. Mechanism of the beneficial and protective effects of exenatide in diabetic rats. Journal of Endocrinology. 2013; 18: 291-304.
48. Nwangwa EK. The reno-protective effects of coconut water on the kidneys of diabetic Wistar rats. Journal of Health Science. 2012; 2(1): 1-4. DOI: 10.5923/j.health.20120201.01.
49. Pari LJ, Uma-Maheswari. Hypoglycaemic effect of Musa sapietum L. in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1999; 68: 321-325.
50. Prakasam A, Sethupathy S, Pugalendi KV. Influence of Caseariaesculenta root extract on protein metabolism and marker enzymes in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Polish Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacy. 2004; 56: 587-593.
51. Prasad SK, Kulshreshtha A, Qureshi TN. Antioxidant activity of some herbal plants in streptozotocin-induced diabetic albino rats. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition. 2009; 8: 551-557.
52. Preetha PP, Girija Devi V, Rajamohan T. Antihyperlipidemic effects of mature coconut water and its role in regulating lipid metabolism in alloxan-induced experimental diabetes. Comparative Clinical Pathology. 2013; 23: 1331–1337.
53. Reitman S, Frankel S. A colorimetric method for the determination of serum glutamic oxaloacetic acid and glutamic pyruvic transaminases. American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1957; 28: 56-63.
54. Saely CH, Aczel S, Marte T. Cardiovascular complication in type 2 diabetes mellitus depends on the coronary angiographic state rather than on diabetes state. Diabetologia. 2004; 47׃ 145-146.
55. Sivajothi V, Dey A, Jaykar B, Rajkapoor B. Antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant effect of Phyllanthusrheedii on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Iran Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 2008; 7: 53-59.
56. Svensson M, Eriksson JW, Dahlquist G. Early glycemic control, age at onset, and development of microvascular complications in childhood-onset type 1 diabetes: a population-based study in northern Sweden. Diabetes Care. 2004; 27: 955-962.
57. Udeh FC, Ikwuka AO, Epete MA, Igwe EC. Effects of local tobacco snuff ingestion during pregnancy on renal functions and histology architecture of female Wistar rats and on the birth weight of their pups. American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine. 2023; 11(1): 1-5. DOI: 10.12691/ajmsm-11-1-1.
58. Udeh FC, Ikwuka AO, Epete MA, Igwe EC. Effects of oral consumption of Nicotianatabacum during pregnancy on the liver and prolactin levels of adult female Wistar rats. European Journal of Veterinary Medicine. 2023; 3(2): 1-5. DOI: 10.24018/ejvetmed.2023.3.2.93.
59. Virstyuk NG, Ikwuka AO, Haman IO, Adebomi MS. Diabetes mellitus type 2, arterial hypertension and dyslipidemia. Materials of 2nd International Scientific and Practical Conference "Therapeutic readings: modern aspects of diagnosis and treatment of diseases of internal organs". 2016; p. 46-47.
60. Virstyuk NG, Ikwuka AO. Diagnostic and prognostic markers of the diabetes mellitus type 2 course in connection with essential arterial hypertension taking into account the kidney function. Precarpathian Journal Pulse (ISSN: 2304-7437). 2017; 8(44): 53-62.
61. Virstyuk NG, Ikwuka AO. Features of asymptomatic hyperuricemia in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 and concomitant essential arterial hypertension. Clinical and Experimental Pathology. 2018; 1(63): 22-26. DOI: 10.24061/1727-4338.XVII.1.63.2018.5.
62. Virstyuk NG, Ikwuka AO. Nephropathic characteristics in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 and essential hypertensive disease. Art of Medicine. 2019; 1(5): 44-47. DOI: 10.21802/artm.2019.1.9.44.
63. Virstyuk NG, Ikwuka AO. Asymptomatic hyperuricemia and functional state of the kidneys in patients with essential arterial hypertension and concomitant diabetes mellitus type 2. European Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2021; 2(3): 100-104. DOI: 10.24018/clinicmed.2021.2.3.65.
64. Virstyuk NG, Ikwuka AO, Didushko OM. Effect of dapagliflozin on the level of uric acid during asymptomatic hyperuricemia in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 and concomitant arterial hypertension. Art of Medicine. 2018; 1(5): 21-26. Available online: https://art-of-medicine.ifnmu.edu.ua/index.php/aom/article/view/179/150
65. Virstyuk NH, Ikwuka AO. Dapagliflozin influence on the clinical course of diabetes mellitus type 2 and essential hypertension in patients. Recent Advances in Environmental Science from the Euro-Mediterranean and Surrounding Regions. Springer International Publishing AG. 2018; p. 2007-2008. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-70548-4_582.
66. Virstyuk NH, Ikwuka AO, Losyuk LV, Kobrynska OYa, Markiv HD. Dapagliflozin utility in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 and essential hypertensive disease. Actual Problems of Modern Medicine. 2017; 4(60) 1: 76-79. Available online: http://www.umsa.edu.ua/journal2stat4_2017_eng.html
67. Virstyuk NH, Ikwuka AO, Luchko OR, Kocherzhat OI. Peculiarities of renal insufficiency in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 and arterial hypertension. Materials of scientific-practical conference with international participation "Achievements and prospects of experimental and clinical endocrinology" Twentieth Danilevsky readings. 2021; p. 86-87.
68. Wheatherburn MW. Phenol-hypochlorite reaction for determination of ammonia. Analytical Chemistry. 1967; 38: 971-977.
69. Zheng K, Wu L, He Z, Yang B, Yang Y. Measurement of the total protein in serum by biuret method with uncertainty evaluation. Measurement. 2017; 112: 16-21.
70. Zimmet P, Cowie C, Ekoe JM, Shaw JE. Classification of diabetes mellitus and other categories of glucose intolerance. In: International Textbook of Diabetes Mellitus, 3rd Ed., 2004; p. 3-14.
Published
2023-07-30
Statistics
Abstract Display: 424 
PDF Downloads: 342
Dimension Badge
How to Cite
1.
Hepatorenal Protective Functions of Coconut Water in Alloxan-Induced Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. World Journal of Current Med and Pharm Research [Internet]. 2023 Jul. 30 [cited 2026 Jan. 27];5(4):114-22. Available from: https://www.wjcmpr.org/index.php/journal/article/view/276
Issue
Section
Research Articles
Copyright © Author(s) retain the copyright of this article.
How to Cite
1.
Hepatorenal Protective Functions of Coconut Water in Alloxan-Induced Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. World Journal of Current Med and Pharm Research [Internet]. 2023 Jul. 30 [cited 2026 Jan. 27];5(4):114-22. Available from: https://www.wjcmpr.org/index.php/journal/article/view/276
